El lexicon, or vocabulary, is the set of words of a language, an activity, a semantic field or a region. The study of the lexicon is the study of the words themselves.

Within the lexicon:

Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words.

• El lexeme or root it is the morphological unit that provides the nucleus of the meaning of the word.
• The morphemes they are also morphological units that provide meaning as a complement to the lexeme.

Etymology is the study of the origin and evolution of the word throughout history

• All the heritage words are the result of the natural evolution of the language
• The loans are words that come from another language with no direct relationship
• The neologisms are the most recently created or borrowed words and not yet consolidated.
• The archaisms they are words that are no longer used or lose their meaning.

Lexicology is the branch of linguistics that deals with the study of the lexicon, the words.

Lexicography is the branch of applied linguistics that deals with the making of dictionaries. It also includes the entire set of theoretical analyzes around the origins of dictionaries, their formal structure, typology, compilation methods, or the links with other disciplines inside and outside of linguistics.

La semantics study the meanings of words, expressions, and sentences, as well as the changes in meaning they experience over time.

Semantics is part of semiotics, which derives from the philosophy that deals with communication systems within human societies, studying the general properties of sign systems, as a basis for understanding all human activity.

Within the semantics include:

• El meaning it is the relationship between words and concepts.
• Define is to fix with clarity, accuracy and precision the meaning of a word or the nature of a person or thing
• Una meaning is each of the meanings of a word according to the contexts
• Una definition It is a proposition through which it is tried to expose in a univocal way and with precision the understanding of a concept or term or diction of an expression or locution
• Un semantic field It is the set of words or expressions that are closely related to each other. For example, apple, orange, tomato, cucumber ... form a single semantic field when referring to "fruits of a plant"
• In the semantic analysis of a term, you must take into account languages since obviously the same object can be called in different ways, although its meaning is identical.

There are two main types of semantics:

• La synchronous semantics: Study the meaning of words in a specific time and place.

• La diachronic semantics: Study that is made based on the evolution over time of the meaning of words and expressions and the changes that have occurred over time.

Which are linked to the concepts of:

• Denotation: is the meaning in the dictionary, a formal and common meaning for all speakers. For example, chair. A chair is a generally wooden construction with three or four legs that is used to sit on. And that is the significance given to it by the speakers of most languages ​​in the world.
• Connotation: is the subjective meaning that a single speaker uses in a given context. For example, "Natural" as spoken by a scientist, someone in the food industry, or a consumer. Surely the connotations they will make when using the word will be very different.

La Lexical semantics study the relationships between different words with some common meaning characteristics, such as:

• monosemy: a single meaning for words. Farmer: A person who is dedicated to cultivating or tilling the land.
• polysemy: words can have several different meanings. Potato can mean a tuber or something of poor quality or malfunction. Or cuisine that is defined as the art or special way of cooking of each country and of each cook. As a part or place of the house in which food is cooked. Or like the device that serves as a stove, with stoves or fires and sometimes an oven. You can heat with coal, gas, electricity, etc.
• Homonymy: different meanings for words that are either spelled the same or pronounced the same. Cow: animal, and the roof of the car. Expensive: somewhat expensive; face.
• Paronymy: words very similar, but their meaning is different: man and shoulder, caco and coco, etc.
• Synonymy: when the words have the same meaning, even though they seem very different, for example education and training.
• Antonymy: opposite meanings, such as sweet world and salty world, hot and cold

The semantics contemplates changes of meaning such as:

Considered outside the lexicon and semantics:

• The concepts they are mental representations of the objects of reality. They are formed through a selection process of the relevant characteristics that define a series of concrete objects of reality. From the observation of individual objects, common characteristics are identified and abstracted to identify a type of object or abstract category.