Hoʻokumu ʻia ke ʻano ʻōnaehana ʻo Sapiens ma ka ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana, ka interdisciplinary theoretical field i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ke aʻo ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana ma ke ʻano he pūʻulu o nā mea pili a pili pū kekahi.

ʻO ke kumu o kēia ʻano kumu i ka biology, a ʻo ia hoʻi ma ka ʻepekema nui o nā ʻōnaehana o ka mea ʻepekema ʻo Ludwig von Bertalanffy, ka mea i loaʻa i ka mana nui i nā ʻano ʻepekema ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka biology, a ke hoʻomau nei i ke ʻano kumu kumu i ka nānā ʻana. ʻano ʻōnaehana.

Aia nā mea āpau i loko o ka ʻōnaehana, a ua hana ʻia nā ʻōnaehana me nā ʻōnaehana ʻē aʻe. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ua hoʻokumu ka Big Bang i nā ʻōnaehana mua, a ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻōnaehana ʻē aʻe.

ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau kekahi ʻōnaehana i loko o nā ʻōnaehana ʻē aʻe, e like me ka ʻōnaehana i hana ʻia e nā mea ola: microorganisms, fungi,
nā mea kanu, nā holoholona ... Ua hoʻokumu ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mea ola i nā subsystem hou, kekahi paʻakikī loa, e like me nā holoholona.

ʻO kēlā me kēia kanaka, kēlā me kēia kino kanaka, he ʻōnaehana hoʻi ia, i hana ʻia i nā ʻōnaehana he nui: ʻo ka ʻōnaehana hanu, ka ʻōnaehana lymphatic, ka ʻōnaehana nerve ... Ua pili pū kēia mau ʻōnaehana āpau i kekahi. ʻO ke kelepona hoʻokahi he ʻōnaehana me kekahi mau mea i pili kekahi i kekahi.

Ua ulu aʻe ka manaʻo ʻōnaehana, a ua hoʻopili ʻia ke kumu like i ka hana a ke kanaka, i nā ʻōnaehana kaiapuni, a no laila hoʻi i ka ʻoihana waiwai a me ka ʻoihana, ʻoi aku hoʻi me nā haʻawina a Peter Senge, nāna i hoʻomohala i ka manaʻo o ka hui ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he ʻōnaehana ʻO ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana i manaʻo ʻia, kahi ʻano o ka manaʻo e pili ana i ka manaʻo ʻōnaehana, a me ka manaʻo o nā hui naʻauao, a i ʻole nā ​​hui i hiki ke aʻo.

E hoʻomaka ana mai nā manaʻo kumu o ka manaʻo ʻōnaehana a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana, ua hoʻomohala mākou i kā mākou wehewehe ponoʻī, kahi i hoʻohui ai i nā mea a mākou i aʻo ai i loko o kā mākou trajectory, a mākou i kapa ʻia "nā manaʻo ʻōnaehana kaiāulu", a me kahi noi noi ma kahi pae hiki ke hiki.

ʻIke liʻiliʻi ka manaʻo ʻōnaehana i ka lehulehu akā ʻike maikaʻi ʻia ma ke kahua o ka ʻepekema pilikanaka, a aia nā loea i ka ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻoihana, a me ka ʻenekinia, ʻoi loa i ka ʻepekema kamepiula, akā pili kēia mau loea i kahi kikoʻī loa. kahua a ma kahi pae kiʻekiʻe loa. Me Sapiens, manaʻo mākou i kahi hoʻolālā e hoʻopili iā ia ma kahi ala transversal a ma kahi pae kūpono.

ʻO kā mākou wehewehe ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka honua ʻoihana, a māhele mākou iā ia i ʻelua poloka nui. Ma kekahiʻaoʻao, pono e hoʻokomoʻia ka mea aʻo i loko o kona pōʻaiapili, e like me keʻano, ke kanaka a me ka hana a ke kanaka,ʻo ia hoʻi ka honua holoʻokoʻa o ka waiwai a me kaʻoihana. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, pono e hoʻopili ʻia ka loiloi ʻōnaehana i ka ʻōnaehana o ka ʻoihana.

Aia kekahi mau ʻoihana i pili pololei me ke ʻano a i ʻole me ke kanaka, no ka laʻana nā hui ikehu a i ʻole nā ​​​​hui lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe i loaʻa ʻole kēia pilina pololei. Akā ʻo nā hui āpau e kamaʻilio me ke ʻano a pono e noʻonoʻo i ka hoʻomau, a loaʻa iā lākou nā kānaka i ʻāpana o kā lākou hui a me nā mea kūʻai aku, a pono lākou e noʻonoʻo i ka ʻāpana kanaka.

ʻO ka mea mua, loaʻa iā mākou kahi ʻauhau e kau ai i ka mea aʻo e pili ana i ke ʻano. No ka laʻana, aia i loko o ka Honua ka lewa, ka hydrosphere, ka geosphere a me ka biosphere, i loko o ka biosphere a me kāna mau subcategories, aia ka flora a me nā holoholona, ​​​​a i loko o ka fauna, aia ke kanaka a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe.

ʻO ka lua, he ʻauhau e hoʻonoho ai i ka mea aʻo e pili ana i ka
kanaka. Hoʻokaʻawale mākou ma waena o ke kino, me ke kino a me kona ʻōnaehana, a me ka
ʻano pilikino, me ka noʻonoʻo, a ke hōʻike pū nei mākou i nā mea e like me nā manaʻo
a me ke aʻo ʻana.