Etymologically, keeb kwm los ntawm Greek lo lus uas tsuas yog txhais tau tias cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev tshawb fawb. Qhov ntawd yog, kev paub tau los ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Tab sis lub ntsiab lus pib no tau hloov mus rau lub ntsiab lus tam sim no, uas yog hais txog kev paub tau los ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog cov xwm txheej yav dhau los.
Raws li RAE phau ntawv txhais lus, keeb kwm yog cov lus piav qhia thiab nthuav tawm ntawm cov xwm txheej yav dhau los tsim nyog ntawm kev nco, txawm tias pej xeem lossis ntiag tug, lossis tseem muaj kev qhuab qhia uas kawm thiab qhia txog keeb kwm yav dhau los.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, historiography yog cov kev qhuab qhia uas cuam tshuam nrog kev kawm keeb kwm, lossis tseem yog cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj thiab kev kawm tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv sau keeb kwm thiab lawv cov peev txheej, thiab ntawm cov kws sau ntawv uas tau hais txog cov teeb meem no. Thaum kawg, historiology yog qhov kev xav ntawm keeb kwm thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib qho uas kawm txog cov qauv, cov cai lossis cov xwm txheej ntawm keeb kwm kev muaj tiag.
Los ntawm peb qhov kev xav, peb yuav hu keeb kwm mus rau cov xwm txheej yav dhau los lawv tus kheej, keeb kwm mus rau kev kawm txog cov xwm txheej yav dhau los, thiab keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm kev kawm li cas.
Cov txheej txheem keeb kwm yog txheej txheej txheej txheem siv los ntawm cov neeg keeb kwm los tshawb xyuas cov xwm txheej yav dhau los nrog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab lwm yam pov thawj.
Cov txheej txheem keeb kwm pib nrog lub ntsiab lus thiab kev txiav txim siab ntawm qhov kev kawm, kev tsim cov lus nug lossis cov lus nug uas yuav tsum tau teb, lub ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev npaj ua haujlwm, thiab qhov chaw thiab muab tso ua ke ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj, uas yog cov khoom siv raw ntawm cov keeb kwm. ua haujlwm.
Cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog kev tshuaj xyuas lossis kev thuam ntawm cov peev txheej no. Hauv qhov kev thuam yog kev thuam sab nraud, uas tau muab faib ua kev thuam loj thiab kev thuam me, thiab kev thuam sab hauv. Txhua tus muaj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb.
Kev thuam sab nrauv muaj lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev zam kev siv cov khoom cuav. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo. Ib feem hu ua kev thuam loj, los yog kev thuam keeb kwm lossis keeb kwm tseem ceeb, suav nrog kev sib tham ntawm qhov chaw (qhov chaw nyob hauv lub sijhawm), qhov chaw nyob hauv qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw, kev sau ntawv ntawm qhov chaw, thiab lub hauv paus ntawm qhov chaw. ( yav dhau los cov ntaub ntawv uas nws tau tsim). Ib feem hu ua kev thuam me me, lossis kev thuam ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, saib ntawm qhov ncaj ncees ntawm qhov chaw (tus thawj daim ntawv uas nws tau tsim).
Hloov chaw, kev thuam sab hauv muaj lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev tawm tswv yim li cas cov peev txheej yuav tsum tau siv. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib tug zoo muaj nuj nqi. Thaum kev thuam sab nraud raug kho rau ntawm daim ntawv, kev thuam sab hauv yog kho ntawm cov khoom. Kawm txog kev ntseeg siab, qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov ntsiab lus.
Tom qab kev tsom xam lossis kev thuam ntawm cov peev txheej, cov kauj ruam kawg ntawm cov txheej txheem keeb kwm yog kev tsim cov txiaj ntsig kawg, hu ua historiographic synthesis. Nws yog tsim los ntawm kev tsim thiab tsim cov kev txhais lus hypotheses los ntawm qhov hu ua keeb kwm kev xav.
Rau cov neeg keeb kwm, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog cov xwm txheej keeb kwm uas ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb, uas hloov cov keeb kwm ntawm keeb kwm, lossis cov txheej txheem ntawm cov xwm txheej keeb kwm lawv cuam tshuam tab sis nrog rau qhov tshwm sim uas tau hnov hauv ntau qhov chaw, hauv cov txiaj ntsig saw.
Tsis muaj txoj hauv kev los faib cov keeb kwm keeb kwm yav dhau los, tab sis muaj ntau qhov sib txawv, thiab txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv keeb kwm lossis txhua tus neeg keeb kwm tseem ceeb rau qee yam lossis lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv popularization tsis muaj kev pom zoo kev faib tawm ib yam nkaus.
Los ntawm peb pomNov yog qee qhov kev tsim nyog tau txais txiaj ntsig rau keeb kwm tseem ceeb:
Yog xaiv qhov theoretical moj khaum keeb kwm materialism, cov qauv kuj tseem ua tau:
Yog hais tias lub Txoj kev Sapiens, raws li qhov kev xav ntawm lub tshuab
Ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem ua tau rau kev faib cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog theem ntawm kev cuam tshuam lossis qhov tseem ceeb. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, ib txoj hauv kev los faib cov keeb kwm tseem ceeb yog raws li seb lawv puas tau ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv lossis tsis ua.
Hauv nws phau ntawv Tus Txheej Txheem ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb, luam tawm xyoo 1962, Thomas Kuhn sib cav tias keeb kwm yog ntau tshaj li kev ua tiav lossis cov xwm txheej ntawm cov xwm txheej, thiab qee zaum muaj cov xwm txheej uas ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev hloov pauv.
Rau Kuhn, lub kiv puag ncig ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog ib ntu ntawm txoj kev loj hlob tsis sib xws, nyob rau hauv uas lub qub paradigm yog tag nrho los yog ib nrab hloov los ntawm ib tug tshiab incompatible paradigm.
Nws tuaj yeem muab piv nrog kev hloov pauv kev nom kev tswv, uas tseem cuam tshuam txog lub sijhawm ntawm kev tawg ntawm qhov xwm txheej qub thiab qhov xwm txheej tshiab, thiab yog li hloov pauv ntawm qhov xwm txheej qub los ntawm qhov xwm txheej tshiab tsis sib haum.
Rau Kuhn, paradigms yog universally lees paub kev paub txog kev paub uas muab cov qauv ntawm cov teeb meem thiab kev daws teeb meem rau lub zej zog kev tshawb fawb rau ib lub sijhawm. Ntawd yog, qhov kev txwv ntawm thaj chaw ntawm kev ua si thiab qee cov cai ntawm kev ua si.