Kodi maudindo akuluakulu a epistemological ndi ati?
Malinga ndi chikhulupiriro cha kuthekera kodziwa
- Dogmatism
- Kukayikira
- Subjectivism ndi relativism
- Pragmatism
- Kutsutsa kapena kuganiza mozama
Malinga ndi chidaliro chanu pa chiyambi cha chidziwitso:
- Zolingalira
- Mphamvu
- Intellectualism (zokumana nazo ndi malingaliro)
- Ndi priori
- Mayankho a Pre-Metaphysical: Objectivism ndi Subjectivism
- Mayankho a Metaphysical: Zowona, Zowona, Kukonda Zinthu Zakuthupi, ndi Phenomenalism
- Theological Solutions: Monism ndi Theistic Dualism
- Structuralism ndi poststructuralism
Kodi magwero opezera chidziwitso ndi ati?
Malinga ndi Standford Encyclopedia:
- Kuzindikira
- Kudziwitsa
- Kumbukirani
- Chifukwa
- Umboni
Kodi zifukwa zazikulu za epistemological ndi ziti?
Malinga ndi Oxford Manual of Epistemology:
El zamkati ndi lingaliro lakuti palibe chowonadi chokhudza dziko lapansi chomwe chingapereke zifukwa zochitira zinthu mosasamala kanthu za zikhumbo ndi zikhulupiriro.
- Maziko: Ndi udindo womwe umaikira kumbuyo kuti pali zinthu zolungamitsidwa popanda kufunika kodzilungamitsa ndi ubale wawo ndi china chake. Maziko awa akhoza kukhala mochuluka kapena mocheperapo molingana ndi chidaliro cha chinthu ichi kuti ngati chilungamitsa "pachokha".
- Kudalirika: Chiphunzitso chodalirika chodziwika bwino cha chidziwitso chiri pafupifupi motere: Zimadziwika kuti p (p imayimira lingaliro lililonse, mwachitsanzo, kuti thambo ndi la buluu) ngati ndipo ngati p ndi yowona, amakhulupirira kuti p ndi yowona ndipo tili nawo. adafika pokhulupirira kuti mumadutsa njira yodalirika.
- Epistemology ya ubwino: Chidziwitso chimapezeka ngati tili ndi nzeru zokwanira zomwe zimatilola kuzikwaniritsa kapena kuziyandikira.
El zakunja Ndi lingaliro lakuti zifukwa ziyenera kuzindikirika ndi zolinga za dziko.
- Kugwirizana: Lingaliro ili likutanthauza kuti kulungamitsidwa kwa chikhulupiriro chilichonse kumadalira chikhulupirirocho kukhala ndi chithandizo chotsimikizika kuchokera ku zikhulupiliro zina kudzera mu maubwenzi ogwirizana monga kugwirizanitsa kapena kufotokozera. Mtundu wamakono wa epistemic coherentism umatsimikizira kuti maumboni ogwirizana pakati pa zikhulupiriro amakhala maubale ofotokozera. Lingaliro lalikulu ndilakuti chikhulupiriro ndi choyenera kwa inu bola chikufotokozera bwino, kapena chikufotokozedwa bwino ndi membala wina wa chikhulupiriro chomwe chili ndi mphamvu zofotokozera inu. Contemporary epistemic coherentism ndi zonse; pezani gwero lalikulu la kulungamitsidwa mu dongosolo lachikhulupiliro cholumikizidwa kapena zikhulupiriro zomwe zingatheke.
- Contextualism: Contextualism imalongosola mndandanda wa malingaliro mu filosofi yomwe imagogomezera nkhani yomwe chinthu, mawu, kapena mawu amachitikira, ndipo amanena kuti, m'mbali ina yofunika, zochita, mawu, kapena mawu amatha kumveka mogwirizana ndi nkhaniyo. Malingaliro a Contextualist amakhulupirira kuti malingaliro otsutsana afilosofi monga "zomwe P amatanthauza", "dziwa kuti P", "ali ndi chifukwa cha A" ndipo mwinamwake ngakhale "kukhala owona" kapena "kukhala olondola" amangokhala ndi tanthauzo pokhudzana ndi nkhani inayake. Afilosofi ena amatsutsa kuti kudalira pa nkhani kungayambitse kusagwirizana; komabe, malingaliro okhudzana ndi zochitika akuchulukirachulukira mkati mwa filosofi.
- Zachilengedwe: Mawu akuti naturalism (kuchokera ku Latin naturalis) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutchula mafunde a filosofi omwe amaona kuti chilengedwe ndi mfundo yokhayo ya chirichonse chomwe chiri chenicheni. Ndi dongosolo la filosofi ndi zikhulupiriro zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti palibe china koma chilengedwe, mphamvu, ndi zifukwa za mtundu womwe umaphunziridwa ndi sayansi ya chilengedwe; Izi zilipo kuti timvetsetse chilengedwe chathu.
Pragmatism: Replacement pragmatism imatsimikizira kupanda pake ndi kutha kwa malingaliro anzeru za momwe dziko lilili (komanso za chowonadi chenicheni) ndipo imalimbikitsa kufunikira kwa filosofi yapakati pa zomwe zili zopindulitsa, zopindulitsa, kapena zothandiza. Popeza kuti zikhulupiriro zothandiza zingakhale zabodza ndipo motero sizimaimira mmene dziko lilili, chikhumbo cha zikhulupiriro zothandiza sichimangokhala chikhumbo cha zikhulupiriro zimene zimaimira mmene dziko lilili. Kusintha kwa pragmatism kumatanthauza kuti lingaliro ndilovomerezeka kwa ife ngati liri lovomerezeka zothandiza, ndiko kuti, n’kothandiza kwa ife kuvomereza lingalirolo.
Kodi lingaliro la Sapiens mkati mwa ma epistemological positions lili kuti?
- Lingaliro la Sapiens limawona kuti chidziwitso chimachokera pakumvetsetsa kwa zinthu, ndipo chimamveka polumikiza chidziwitso chosiyana ndi chidziwitso chodalirika.
- Kwa Sapiens, chidziwitso ndikumvetsetsa chifukwa chake, ndiko kuti, kumvetsetsa zomwe tikufuna kumvetsetsa kuchokera paubwenzi ndi kulumikizana kwa chinthu ichi ndi zinthu zina, komanso malo omwe amakhala nawo muzinthu zazing'ono, machitidwe ndi ma suprasystems.
- Chidziwitso cha chifukwa chake chimapezeka, malinga ndi ziphunzitso zovomerezeka kwambiri za epistemology, mu chidziwitso cha "chinachake", mu chidziwitso cha propositional.
- Kulungamitsidwa kwa Sapiens pa tanthauzo lake lachidziwitso monga kumvetsetsa kwa chifukwa chake kuyenera kuyamba, chifukwa chake, kuchokera pakufunika kwa kumvetsetsa kumeneku poyerekeza ndi chidziwitso china.
- Malingaliro achidule a kulungamitsidwa kwa Sapiens: chidziwitso monga kumvetsetsa kumabweretsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chidziwitso chamalingaliro, osati chidziwitso chokha, komanso mtundu wina kuchokera ku kulumikizana kwa:
- Chilichonse ndi chiyani (maganizidwe a semantic)
- Chilichonse chikufanana kapena chogwirizana ndi chiyani (njira yofananira)
- Ndi mitundu yanji ya chinthu chilichonse (choyenereza)
- Chilichonse chili kuti (kuphatikiza ndi ubale wake wapamalo)
- Liti komanso momwe chinthu chilichonse chinapangidwira (njira yakale).
Mwanjira iyi, timamvetsetsa kuti chidziwitso monga kumvetsetsa chimaphatikizapo chidziwitso chonse chokhudzana ndi izi ndikumvetsetsa chifukwa chake zinthu.
Chitsanzo: Tikamabwerera kubakha, tidzamvetsa chifukwa chake bakha amakoma ngati mmene amakondera tikamadya tikamvetsetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya abakha, moyo wawo, zomwe amadya, nthawi imene amasamuka komanso mmene zimawakhudzira, ndi zina zotero. . Chidziwitso chonsechi kapena chidziwitsochi chidzalumikizidwa kuti apange chidziwitso chatsopano cha chifukwa chomwe bakha amakondera momwe amachitira.
magawo osiyanasiyana a epistemological pa kulungamitsidwa kwa chidziwitso
- Mu tebulo la olamulira tagwiritsa ntchito mitundu itatu ya mitundu pa gawo lililonse: yachikasu pazomwe zikugwirizana mwachindunji ndi lingaliro la Sapiens, mtundu wa "thupi" pazigawo zomwe zili ndi mbali zina zokhudzana ndi malo a Sapiens, ndi yoyera sizikugwirizana ndi dera la Sapiens.
- Tayamba ndikukhazikitsa mitundu ikuluikulu itatu ya chidziwitso, molingana ndi epistemology: the chidziwitso chamtsogolo (ndikudziwa chiyani, kuti, liti, chifukwa chiyani), chidziwitso mwa kuyandikira kapena chikumbumtima (ndikudziwa mnzanga payekha ndipo ndikudziwa mzinda wa Paris chifukwa ndakhala kumeneko), komanso chidziwitso cha momwe angachitire chinachake.
- Tayang'ana chidwi chathu pa chidziwitso chamalingaliro chifukwa sichimangochitika kawirikawiri, komanso momwe epistemology yambiri imayambira. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi chidziwitso chamtunduwu pomwe malingaliro a Sapiens ayambira.
- Titatsikira ku mitundu iwiri ya chidziwitso chamalingaliro molingana ndi kutsimikizira kwawo, tapanga gawolo zamphamvu, ndiko kuti, chimene chiri chotsimikizirika pang’ono kapena kotheratu m’chochitika.
- Kulungamitsa zomwe timaziwona ndikuzizindikira muzochitika, pali mafunde osiyanasiyana a epistemological zomwe zikhoza kugawidwa mu internalism ndi externalism. Internalism imawona kuti chidziwitso chimalungamitsidwa ndi zikhulupiriro kapena zikhulupiriro za mutu woganiza, pomwe zakunja zimawona kuti kutsimikiza / kutsimikizira kumapezeka pazinthu zakunja.
- Kudziwa monga kumvetsetsa kwa Sapiens kumawona kuti chilichonse chimalumikizidwa kotero kuti, kuti mumvetsetse china chake, chiyenera kuyikidwa mu masomphenya onse. Chifukwa cha chikhulupiliro ichi mu masomphenya athunthu komanso kulumikizana kwa magawo ngati gwero la chidziwitso, tayika udindo wa Sapiens mkati mwa mafunde akunja.
- Mu zakunja timapeza:
a) The Epistemic chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano, yomwe imawona kuti chidziwitso chonse chitha kumveka ngati chowona kuchokera ku kulungamitsidwa kwake (mtundu wa ubale) ndi chidziwitso china chowonedwa ngati chowona. Chiphunzitsochi ndi chachikasu chifukwa chimateteza maganizo a Sapiens kuti chirichonse chikugwirizana ndipo, kuchokera kumvetsetsa maubwenzi, tidzapanga chidziwitso. Chitsanzo: Ndidzamvetsetsa ndikudalira chidziwitso chakuti Dziko lapansi si lathyathyathya ngati ndiwona kuti chiphunzitso cha mphamvu yokoka ndi kugawidwa kwa mapulaneti ndi zoona.
b) Tayika nkhani wachikasu chifukwa amaona kuti malo kudziwa ngati chinachake ndi zoona kapena ayi amaperekedwa mu nkhani iliyonse, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi masomphenya a Sapiens. Malingana ndi Sapiens, ntchito iliyonse ndi ntchito zachuma zidzakhala ndi chidziwitso chapadera cha chinachake chomwe chidzadziwika kwambiri ndi nkhaniyo.
c) Njira yomaliza, zachilengedwe, amaona kuti chilengedwe chokha ndi chimene chimaonedwa kuti ndi chenicheni. Taletsa izi chifukwa Sapiens amasiyanitsa bwino chilengedwe ndi anthu komanso zomwe anthu amachita.
- Malo omaliza omwe titha kuzindikira chidziwitso cha Sapiens ndi pragmatism, malinga ndi zomwe chidziwitso chidzalingaliridwa / kulungamitsidwa ngati chotere ngati chikhulupirirochi chili chothandiza m'moyo weniweni. Izi, tikukhulupirira kuti zitha kukhala gawo la Sapiens popeza, kutali ndi kukangana ndi okayikira omwe angakayikire chilichonse, imakonda kupereka. njira yomwe imathandizira kumvetsetsa kuchita bwino.
Kodi Sapiens amaona kuti magwero a chidziwitso ali kuti?
- Kulumikizana kwa zigawo zomwe zimapanga machitidwe
- Kuzindikira
- Kudzifufuza
- Memory
- Chifukwa
- Umboni
Kodi Sapiens ali ndi maganizo otani pa kudalira kwawo zinthu?
Njira ya Sapiens imapereka kuyandikira kodabwitsa kwa kuganiza mozama. Maudindo onsewa amayambira pakufunika kofunsa momwe zilili ndikuchita izi kuchokera ku kusagwirizana ndi zomwe timauzidwa kuti ndi zenizeni komanso chidziwitso. Kuti akwaniritse kusagwirizanaku, onse ali ndi zida zomwe zimawalola kuti apitirire zomwe zimadziwika, ndikupanga chidziwitso chatsopano.
Kusagwirizana koyamba kwa Sapiens kumabwera chifukwa cha chikhulupiriro chake chakuti zonse zimalumikizidwa, chifukwa chake, sitingadziwe chilichonse kuchokera ku prism imodzi (monga momwe zimakhazikitsira m'magulu amasiku ano akadaulo) koma ndikofunikira kuti timvetsetse zinthu kuchokera kumalingaliro athunthu . Kusagwirizana kwachiwiri komwe amagwiritsira ntchito kuganiza mozama ndi chimodzi mwa mavuto aakulu kwambiri masiku ano: pambuyo pa choonadi ndi infoxication. Sapiens anabadwa motere kuti apereke chida chomwe chimathandizira kumvetsetsa kwa anthu, kuwachotsa ku masomphenya osavuta a chinthu chomwe amaphunzira komanso dziko lonse lapansi.
Chifukwa chake titha kumvetsetsa kuti Sapiens amatengera chiphunzitso cha machitidwe onse komanso kuganiza mozama, popeza amagwiritsa ntchito yoyamba kupereka njira yachiwiri. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, Sapiens amafuna kuonjezera kumvetsetsa kwathu zenizeni popanda kuvomereza zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi nkhani yathu (chisonkhezero chofanana ndi kuganiza mozama) ndipo chifukwa cha izi, ikupereka njira zisanu zomwe zimatilola ife njira yopita ku chidziwitso cha chinthu chophunzirira mogwirizana. kuzinthu zina zonse, za dongosolo lanu ndi machitidwe ena (kachitidwe kachitidwe).
Titachita kafukufuku wokhudza kuganiza mozama, titha kunena mwachidule kuti njira ya Sapiens imadalira kuganiza kwamtunduwu (ndi kuthekera) munjira izi:
- Zonsezi zimachokera pa zomwe zimasonkhezera: kusakhulupirira chidziwitso ndi chidziwitso, chikhumbo chofuna kuyandikira choonadi / kumvetsetsa.
- Mkhalidwe wawo uli pa zikhulupiriro zina zonyanyira, pamene akufuna kuzithetsa.
- Malingaliro onsewa amawona kuti ndikofunikira kudzifunsa nokha za munthu yemwe amadziwa podzipenda.
- Onse ali ndi cholinga chothandiza, kufunafuna kuthetsa mavuto, zotsutsana ndikuchita bwino.
Kuchokera mu kaphatikizidwe kakufanana ndi kusiyana tingathe kunena kuti Njira ya Sapiens ndi kuganiza mozama ndizogwirizana, popeza amakhala ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana ndipo amayang'anizana ndi nkhawa imodzimodzi: kumvetsetsa zinthu bwino kukhala opanda ziphunzitso.
Kuganiza mozama kumatitsogolera ife ku pragmatism, chiphunzitso cha filosofi molingana ndi momwe njira yokhayo yodziwira choonadi cha chiphunzitso cha makhalidwe, chikhalidwe, chipembedzo kapena sayansi ndi kulingalira zotsatira zake zothandiza.
Chifukwa Sapiens amafuna kuthandiza, kutsogolera ndi kutsogolera ma SME ndi anthu m'njira yawo yomvetsetsa zomwe amaphunzira, ndipo, popeza nkhawa yawo ndikusintha anthu ndikukhala wothandiza ndi njira zawo, titha kuwona kuyandikana ndi nzeru za pragmatic.
Chiphunzitso ndi njira yozikidwa pa kusanthula kwa mfundo za anthu monga zomangira zomwe zitha kukhazikitsidwa.
Pofufuza chinthucho, structuralism ikuwonetseratu kutsogola kuchokera ku bungwe loyambirira lazowona zomwe zimawoneka muzofukufuku wa ntchito yofufuza pofotokozera komanso kufotokozera zamkati mwa chinthucho (maulamuliro ake ndi kugwirizana pakati pa zinthu za msinkhu uliwonse) ndi , ndiye, kwa kulengedwa kwa chitsanzo cha chiphunzitso cha chinthucho.
Sapiens akuwonetsa mafananidwe ndi njira iyi chifukwa imasamalira kwambiri ubale pakati pa zigawo za kapangidwe kake kuti zifotokozere ndipo, pochita izi, amayesa kuyitanitsa zigawo za magawo ndi kapangidwe kake kukhala taxonomies.
Kodi Sapiens ali ndi maganizo otani ponena za chidaliro chawo m’magwero a chidziwitso?
Chiphunzitso ndi njira yozikidwa pa kusanthula kwa mfundo za anthu monga zomangira zomwe zitha kukhazikitsidwa.
Pofufuza chinthucho, structuralism ikuwonetseratu kutsogola kuchokera ku bungwe loyambirira lazowona zomwe zimawoneka muzofukufuku wa ntchito yofufuza pofotokozera komanso kufotokozera zamkati mwa chinthucho (maulamuliro ake ndi kugwirizana pakati pa zinthu za msinkhu uliwonse) ndi , ndiye, kwa kulengedwa kwa chitsanzo cha chiphunzitso cha chinthucho.
Sapiens akuwonetsa mafananidwe ndi njira iyi chifukwa imasamalira kwambiri ubale pakati pa zigawo za kapangidwe kake kuti zifotokozere ndipo, pochita izi, amayesa kuyitanitsa zigawo za magawo ndi kapangidwe kake kukhala taxonomies.
Post-structuralism ndi lingaliro lamakono lachi French lomwe linatuluka mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la XNUMX ndipo nthawi zambiri limaphatikizidwa mu postmodernism. Imavomereza kuti zonse zomwe tingathe kuzidziwa zimamangidwa kudzera mu zizindikiro, koma zimatsimikizira kuti palibe matanthauzo amkati, koma kuti tanthauzo lonse ndilolemba komanso logwirizana.
(Kuchokera ku Sapiens): Post-structuralism imafuna kuyitanitsa chidziwitso m'njira zogawika m'magawo ndi magawo. Sapiens amafunanso kuyitanitsa kofananako. Pankhani ya njira za konkire, kusokoneza komwe kumayambitsa poststructuralism poyambirira kumapangira zolemba, elBullirestaurante adasamutsira kale kukhitchini. Ndi Sapiens lingaliro lomwelo limaphatikizidwa panjira yofufuzira. Ndizokhudza kugawa osati zolemba zokha, komanso malingaliro, koma pomaliza kuwasanthula onse.
Kuganiza kwadongosolo ndi njira yowunikira yomwe imawunika magawo onse ogwirizana omwe amapanga zinthu kuti athe kuzindikira bwino zomwe zikuchitika komanso chifukwa chake.
Kupyolera mu kaganizidwe kachitidwe, magawo onse athunthu amaphunziridwa. Ndi mtundu wamalingaliro omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri mu maphunziro asayansi, uinjiniya ndi kayendetsedwe ka bizinesi, pakati pa ena, monga njira yomwe vuto kapena vuto lingathetsedwe.
Lingaliro la machitidwe omwe Sapiens amadalira, pamodzi ndi structuralism, ndi mafunde awiri omwe amagwirizana mu gawo labwino la zomwe zili mkati mwake. Pafunso lomwe likutikhudza (kudalira chidziwitso cha Sapiens) titha kufotokozera kuti zonse zomwe zimapangidwira komanso kachitidwe kazinthu zimaganizira kuti chidziwitso chimapangidwa chifukwa chazomwe zimapangidwira kapena dongosolo lililonse.
Udindo wa Sapiens ndi wosamala pokhudzana ndi chidaliro choperekedwa ku chidziwitso, koma osagwa mukukana kapena kusagwirizana nazo. Kwa Sapiens, chidziwitso chidzakhala chosiyana m'dera lililonse (machitidwe) ndipo, pamene chirichonse chikugwirizana ndi kukhudzidwa ndi zigawo zina, chidziwitso cha dera lililonse chidzakhudza mbali zina za dera limenelo, komanso zomwe zikuphatikizidwa ndi zina. .magawo a megasystem.
Sapiens amapereka chidziwitso chosiyana malinga ndi prism, ndiye kuti, munthu aliyense azitha kukulitsa molingana ndi zomwe akukumana nazo komanso chidziwitso chosiyana pa chinthu chomwecho. Pali kuvomereza kuti chidziwitso chimagawidwa kukhala ma prisms osiyanasiyana ndipo, chifukwa chake, tidzayenera kuyiyandikira kuchokera ku kulumikizana kwa magawo ndi ma prisms.
Ndiko kuti, Sapiens amakhulupirira kuti, ngakhale pali ma prisms osiyanasiyana ozindikira zenizeni, chidziwitso sichimangokhala chowonadi cha mutu womwe ukudziwa, koma ndendende kulumikizana kwa ma prisms osiyanasiyanawa kumatha kuyerekeza chowonadi chokulirapo (ngakhale sichoncho ).
Kodi Sapiens ali kuti mkati mwazodziwikiratu za epistemological?
Chiphunzitso ndi njira yozikidwa pa kusanthula kwa mfundo za anthu monga zomangira zomwe zitha kukhazikitsidwa.
Pofufuza chinthucho, structuralism ikuwonetseratu kutsogola kuchokera ku bungwe loyambirira lazowona zomwe zimawoneka muzofukufuku wa ntchito yofufuza pofotokozera komanso kufotokozera zamkati mwa chinthucho (maulamuliro ake ndi kugwirizana pakati pa zinthu za msinkhu uliwonse) ndi , ndiye, kwa kulengedwa kwa chitsanzo cha chiphunzitso cha chinthucho.
Sapiens akuwonetsa mafananidwe ndi njira iyi chifukwa imasamalira kwambiri ubale pakati pa zigawo za kapangidwe kake kuti zifotokozere ndipo, pochita izi, amayesa kuyitanitsa zigawo za magawo ndi kapangidwe kake kukhala taxonomies.
Pamapu amalingaliro awa cholinga chake ndikuwonetsa kufunikira kwa njira zosiyanasiyana zogawira mitundu ya chidziwitso kuti ziwonekere malo omwe njira ya Sapiens idakhazikitsidwa.
- Gulu loyamba liri molingana ndi zomwe zimadziwika, pomwe timapeza mitundu itatu ikuluikulu: chidziwitso mwa kuyandikira kapena kuyandikira (kukumana ndi bwenzi), kudziwa momwe mungachitire zinthu (kudziwa / kudziwa kuchita Chile), ndi chidziwitso kudziwa zambiri, chiphunzitso, ndi zina). Yotsirizirayi ndi yomwe imatenga kufunikira mu epistemology komanso mu Sapiens.
- Mkati mwa chidziwitso chamalingaliro timapeza chidziwitso mu mawonekedwe a chomwe chiri, momwe icho chiri, chomwe chiri, kumene chiri, liti, mochuluka bwanji ndi chifukwa chake chiri. Mkati mwa gulu lalikululi, talekanitsa malingaliro a Sapiens, omwe, ngakhale ndi chidziwitso chodziwika bwino, timawona kuti kulemera kwake kumalola kusiyana kwina.
- Malinga ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana omwe aperekedwa pa chidziwitso chamalingaliro, timapeza njira zitatu zosiyanitsira: molingana ndi chidaliro mu chidziwitso chokha, molingana ndi chidaliro mu magwero a chidziwitso, komanso molingana ndi ziyeneretso zofunika kutsimikizira chidziwitso.
- Malinga ndi chidaliro mu chidziwitso, Sapiens ali mu kuganiza mozama, chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti angathe kudziwa, koma nthawi zonse amakayikira magwero ndi zomwe zili mu chidziwitso, zomwe zimamulola kuti asagwere mu zikhulupiriro. Timapezanso chithandizo kuchokera kwa Sapiens, ngakhale kuti ali odziletsa mu pragmatism.
- Malinga ndi chidaliro pa chiyambi cha chidziwitso, timawona kuti Sapiens mbali imodzi amabwereka njira ya Cartesian chifukwa cha kukayika kwake kosatha koma osati kulingalira, chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti chidziwitso chingaperekedwe m'njira zina kusiyana ndi kulingalira (lingaliro, mwachitsanzo). Miyendo ina yomwe njira yathu idakhazikitsidwa ndi structuralism ndi poststructuralism. Kuphatikiza apo, Sapiens amakhulupirira kuti, ngakhale pali ma prisms osiyanasiyana ozindikira zenizeni, chidziwitso sichimangokhala pachowonadi cha mutu womwe ukudziwa, koma ndendende kulumikizana kwa ma prisms osiyanasiyanawa kumatha kuyerekeza chowonadi chokulirapo (ngakhale kuti sichotsimikizika) . Pachifukwa ichi talembapo objectivism mu yellow. Pomaliza, tikuwona kuti masomphenya a Sapiens kuchokera kumalingaliro a metaphysical amagwirizana ndi kukonda chuma, popeza amakhulupirira kukhalapo kwa zinthu popanda kukhalapo kwa munthu, monga tikuwonera mu lingaliro lake la megasystem.
- Malinga ndi kulungamitsidwa kwa epistemological komwe kumafunikira kutsimikizira chidziwitso, timawona kuti pali magawo osiyanasiyana owonjezera momwe njira yathu imapangidwira. Poyambirira, zimatsatira chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano wa kunja chifukwa chimawona kuti chidziwitso chimamangidwa kuchokera ku chiyanjano (kugwirizana) pakati pa zigawo za megasystem (kunja kwa phunziro). Chachiwiri, kumangidwa kwa chidziwitso kudzadalira pazochitika za phunziro lodziwa komanso nthawi ya mbiri yakale yomwe chinthucho chikuphunziridwa. Pomaliza, Sapiens ali ndi njira yoyandikira ya epistemology ya ukoma, popeza amawona kuti ndikofunikira kulumikizana ndi luntha kuti adziwe momwe timamvetsetsa. Tawonetsa mwachikasu pragmatism popeza kuti ntchito yomwe Sapiens imapanga mukugwiritsa ntchito kwake ndi njira yotsimikizira chidziwitso cholumikizidwa chomwe imapanga.
- Momwemonso, tinkafuna kuwonetsa kuti Sapiens ali ndi chidaliro m'magwero onse omwe aperekedwa kuchokera ku epistemology kuti akwaniritse chidziwitso, pomwe kulingalira kumawonekera ngati njira yolumikizira chidziwitso ndi kudzifufuza mwa kudzipenda).
- Pomaliza, tasiyanitsa kuti Sapiens amatumikira kumvetsetsa dziko lakunja ndipo, chifukwa cha izi, imawonanso kuti ndikofunikira kudzifufuza ngati kudziwa maphunziro omwe amatilola kuti tidzidziwe tokha.
Kodi udindo wa Sapiens ndi wovomerezeka bwanji? Chitetezo ku zotsutsa zotheka za epistemological:
Kutsutsa kudzipatula (motsutsana ndi mgwirizano tª)
Kumvetsetsa monga gwero la chidziwitso kuchokera ku kugwirizana kwa chidziwitso ndi chidziwitso (chomwe timachiwona ngati chowona kapena chodalirika) ndiko kulungamitsa kogwirizana. Mchitidwewu wakhala ndipo ukhoza kutsutsidwa potengera kutsutsa kudzipatula, zomwe tingafotokoze mwachidule motere: kugwirizana kwa chidziwitso kuti apange chidziwitso china kungapangitse zambiri zomwe zilibe zifukwa zenizeni. Chitsanzo: ngati ndikukhulupirira kuti Dzuwa limazungulira Padziko Lapansi monga momwe ankakhulupirira zaka mazana angapo zapitazo, ndipo kuchokera pano ndimapanga chithunzi cha chilengedwe kuchokera ku chidziwitso chogwirizanitsa, ndidzakhala ndikumanga nthano zachidziwitso kutali ndi zenizeni.
Kuti athane ndi izi, a Sapiens ayenera kuvomereza ndikulengeza (monga momwe amachitira kale) kuti gawo lake la maphunziro sisayansi kapena filosofi, ngakhale amadalira magawo a chidziwitso. Pachifukwa ichi, cholinga chake ndi kuthandiza kumvetsetsa kuchita bwino, popanda kulowa m'makangano a epistemological okhudza chiyambi cha kulungamitsidwa. Ndiko kuti, imasunga mgwirizano mwa kuvomereza zambiri kuposa ndalama zowonongeka (chilichonse chikugwirizana, masomphenya athunthu, chidziwitso chikhoza kumveka, ndi zina zotero) zomwe zimapewa kutsutsidwa kwathunthu.
Relativism (motsutsana ndi chikhalidwe)
Mkhalidwe wa Sapiens ndi wodzichepetsa kwambiri mwachidziwitso kuposa ziphunzitso zazikulu zafilosofi, ndipo amakhutira kuvomereza kuti nkhaniyo imasonyeza tanthauzo la mawu (mtsutso wochirikizidwa mwamphamvu ndi filosofi). Izi tinganene kuti “relativistic”, chifukwa mwina tingatanthauzire molakwika kunena kuti phwetekere ndi yosiyana ndi mlimi kuposa, kwa katswiri wa zachuma, zimatipangitsa kukayikira ngati phwetekere alipo.
Koma kutsutsa uku sikuchita chilungamo kwa Sapiens, zomwe zimapitirira izi ndi kuti ndendende kuchokera ku kudzichepetsa kwake kumalingalira kuti pali chidziwitso, kuti tikhoza kumveka ngati tiganizira ma prisms osiyanasiyana, ndi kuti zonsezi zili ndi tanthauzo: zabwino kwambiri. magwiridwe antchito chifukwa cha kumvetsetsa kwathunthu.
Kukayikira (motsutsana ndi objectivism)
Padzakhala nthawi zonse okayikira omwe angakayikire Sapiens, chifukwa adzakayikira kuti chidziwitso chatsopano chikhoza kupangidwa kuchokera ku mgwirizano, kapena adzakayikira kutsimikizika kwa njirazo. Koma zodzudzula izi siziyenera kutenga nthawi yathu chifukwa kudzichepetsa kwa Sapiens komwe tawonetsa kale kumatilola kuti mikangano ndi anthu amtunduwu ipambane: chidziwitso monga kugwirizana chimavomerezedwa kwambiri, monganso kudalirika kwa njirazo. . Kungotsala kuyankha kutsutsa kotsatiraku: Kodi mukuwonetsa bwanji kuti njira zisanu izi zimagwirizana bwino? Yankho la pragmatic ndi losavuta: Yesani nokha ndikusangalala ndi kumvetsetsa kosavuta komwe kumapezeka chifukwa cha njira!
Kaphatikizidwe: Chifukwa chiyani Sapiens ndi yovomerezeka?
Sapiens ndi njira yomwe imathandizira kumvetsetsa kuchokera pakulumikiza chidziwitso. Kuti izi zitheke, zimadalira malingaliro osiyanasiyana a epistemic omwe amapatsa mphamvu komanso kugwirizana. Mu kaphatikizidwe kameneka tipereka malingaliro akulu omwe aphunziridwa (m'mawu olimba kwambiri), komanso kulungamitsidwa kwa epistemological komwe kumapereka njira ya Sapiens kulumikizana kwa epistemological.
- Pali kuthekera kodziwa ndipo, kuti tichite moyenera, tiyenera kumvetsetsa zifukwa za zomwe timadziwa.
Kulungamitsidwa 1) Kuganiza mozama, komwe kumalimbikitsa kukayikira chilichonse chomwe timadziwa kuti tikonze chidziwitso chathu podzimvetsetsa tokha komanso nkhani zathu. Imapewa kugwera m’chikhulupiriro, monga momwe imachotsera zikhulupiriro, popeza kuti kaimidwe kake kamafuna kulungamitsidwa kwa zimene zimadziwika.
Kulungamitsidwa 2) Kukayika kwa Cartesian: musavomereze chilichonse ngati chovomerezeka kupatula zomwe titha kutsimikizira. Sapiens amagwiritsa ntchito kulingalira ngati njira yomvetsetsa, popeza ndi izi zomwe zimalola kulumikizana ndi ubale wa chidziwitso, chidziwitso, zowona, ndi zina zambiri.
- Tikhoza kudziwa dziko ndi kudzidziwa tokha. Chilichonse mwachidziwitsochi chimathandizira kumvetsetsa kwa chinacho.
J) Chiyambireni Descartes, anthanthi ambiri akhulupirira kuti chidziŵitso cha mikhalidwe yathu yamaganizo chimasiyana kwambiri ndi chidziŵitso chathu cha dziko lakunja. Kuti tisatalikitse mndandanda wa anthanthi otchuka omwe amachirikiza osati kugawikana kwa chidziwitsochi komanso kubwerezana kwa onse awiri, tiyeni tiwone kuchokera kwa Descartes woganiza bwino, Locke empiricist kapena wothandizira JS Mill.
- Zinthu zonse zimagwirizana, ndi gawo la Zonse.
J) Kuchokera ku Heraclitus, Spinoza mpaka ku malingaliro ambiri ndi mafunde amasiku ano, kuphatikiza chiphunzitso cha Einstein cha ubale, kapena filosofi ya ndondomeko ya AN Whitehead.
- Kumvetsetsa mozindikira, kuzindikira za kuphunzira ndi kuyang'anira maphunziro athu, kumatithandiza kukhala omasuka.
J) Chikhumbo cha Kuunikira kuti tidziwe kupyolera mu kulingalira sichinali china koma kufunafuna ufulu, kufunafuna kudzilamulira kwachidziwitso komwe kungatilole kuti tichoke ku ziphunzitso (makamaka zachipembedzo). Cholinga ichi chikufotokozedwa mwachidule m'malingaliro otsutsa omwe amawonekera bwino mu filosofi yotsutsa ya Kant
- Chofunika kwambiri sikudziwa zambiri, koma kudziwa momwe mungasankhire chidziwitso chofunikira kuti muthe kuchita bwino.
J) Pragmatism: kufunikira kwa chidziwitso kudzaperekedwa ndi zofunikira zomwe chidziwitsochi chimakulolani.
- Chinthu chomwecho chikhoza kukhala ndi matanthauzo osiyanasiyana pa nthawi imodzi, malingana ndi omwe, kuchokera pamalingaliro.
J1) Contextualism. Zomwe tikukhalamo zimatengera chidziwitso chathu, chilengedwe, chikhalidwe cha nthawi ino, ndi zina zotero.
J2) Kuwona. Zochitika zaumwini (zomwe sitimasankha ndi zomwe zimatipanga) zimatsimikizira kuti ndife ndani ndipo izi zimatsimikizira malo omwe tikudziwa. Ortega ndi Gasset
- Tikhoza kudziwa mwa kulumikiza zambiri, deta, mfundo ndi chidziwitso.
J) Lingaliro la mgwirizano limawona kuti titha kulungamitsa chidziwitso chapadera ngati tiwonetsa ubale wa mgwirizano womwe uli nawo ndi chidziwitso china chomwe chimawonedwa ngati chowona komanso cholondola.
- Chidziwitso cha chifukwa (kumvetsetsa) chimasiyana ndi chidziwitso china chifukwa cha kufunikira kwake ponena za "kutsimikizira" kumakhudzidwa.
J) Nzeru zonse, ndipo makamaka kuganiza mozama ndi filosofi yotsutsa, zimatsimikizira kufunikira komwe Sapiens amapereka ku chidziwitso cha chifukwa chake, popeza amaona kuti chidziwitso chidzakhala ndi phindu ngati chitalungamitsidwa, kupeŵa kukhulupirira chinachake cholakwika .
- Titha kulungamitsa zomwe tikudziwa ngati tiyika zomwe timamvetsetsa kuchokera kumalingaliro athunthu, mu ubale wake ndi zonse.
J1) Structuralism ndi poststructuralism.
J2) Kuganiza mwadongosolo.
- Titha kumvetsetsa chifukwa cha njira zisanu za Sapiens.
J) Kukambitsirana pa njira ya Descartes, titha kudziwa ndikulungamitsa zomwe tikudziwa kudzera munjira.
- Magwero ovomerezeka azidziwitso ndi zokumana nazo, kuyang'ana mozama, kukumbukira ndi maumboni omwe titha kutsimikizira kukhwima kwawo kwachidziwitso.
J) Sapiens amapewa kudziyika yekha mu gwero limodzi la chidziwitso popeza amadalira malingaliro osiyanasiyana omveka, kuyambira ndi njira yasayansi, yomwe imawona kuti kuphatikiza ndi kulimbana kwa magwero sikutheka kokha, komanso kofunika.
