La semantics phunzirani matanthauzo a mawu, ziganizo, ndi ziganizo, komanso kusintha kwa matanthauzo awo m’kupita kwa nthaŵi.
Semantics ndi gawo la semiotics, lomwe limachokera ku filosofi yomwe imakhudzana ndi njira zoyankhulirana mkati mwamagulu a anthu, kuphunzira zamtundu wa machitidwe azizindikiro, monga maziko omvetsetsa zochitika zonse za anthu.
M'ma semantics ndi awa:
- El tanthauzo ndiye mgwirizano pakati pa mawu ndi malingaliro.
- Fotokozani ndiko kukonza momveka bwino, molondola komanso molondola tanthauzo la mawu kapena chikhalidwe cha munthu kapena chinthu
- Una tanthauzo ndi matanthauzo aliwonse a liwu molingana ndi nkhani zake
- Una tanthauzo Ndi lingaliro lomwe limayesedwa kuwonetsa m'njira yodziwika bwino komanso mwatsatanetsatane kumvetsetsa kwa lingaliro kapena liwu kapena kutanthauzira kwa mawu kapena malo.
- Un gawo lamalingaliro Ndilo gulu la mawu kapena mawu omwe ali ogwirizana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, apulo, lalanje, phwetekere, nkhaka ... kupanga gawo limodzi la semantic ponena za "zipatso za chomera"
- Pakuwunika kwa mawu akuti semantic, muyenera kuganizira zilankhulo popeza mwachionekere chinthu chomwecho chingatchulidwe m’njira zosiyanasiyana, ngakhale kuti tanthauzo lake n’lofanana.
Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya semantics:
- La synchronous semantics: Phunzirani tanthauzo la mawu munthawi yake komanso malo.
Mwachitsanzo, mawu oti "mowa" masiku ano m'munda wa gastronomy, ndi mankhwala amadzimadzi omwe amapangidwa ndi zakumwa zosakaniza zomwe zina zimawonjezeredwa.
- La semantics ya diachronic: Phunziro lomwe limapangidwa potengera kusinthika kwa nthawi ya tanthauzo la mawu ndi mawu komanso kusintha komwe kwachitika pakapita nthawi.
Mu 1806 tidapeza kufotokozera koyamba kapena tanthauzo la liwu loti "modyera" lomwe limafotokozedwa ngati "chakumwa chokoka mtima chopangidwa ndi distillate yamtundu uliwonse, shuga, madzi ndi zowawa, ndipo nthawi zambiri imadziwika kuti" gulaye chowawa ". Mawu akuti "cocktails" (osati "ogula") sangatchule zokonzekera zonse zomwe tsopano zanenedwa ndi mawu oti "cocktails", koma kudzakhala kukonzekera kumodzi kokha.
Zomwe zimagwirizana ndi malingaliro a:
- Kufotokozera: ndi tanthauzo mu dikishonale, tanthawuzo lodziwika bwino komanso lodziwika kwa onse olankhula. Mwachitsanzo, mpando. Mpando ndi matabwa omwe amakhala ndi miyendo itatu kapena inayi yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhalapo. Ndipo ndicho tanthauzo lopatsidwa kwa iwo ndi olankhula zinenero zambiri padziko lapansi.
- Kutanthauzira: ndi tanthauzo lomwe wokamba m'modzi amagwiritsa ntchito pamutu womwe waperekedwa. Mwachitsanzo, "Zachilengedwe" monga zimayankhulidwa ndi wasayansi, wina wamakampani azakudya, kapena wogula. Ndithudi matanthauzo amene angapange akamagwiritsira ntchito liwulo adzakhala osiyana kwambiri.
La Lexical semantics phunzirani maubwenzi apakati pa mawu osiyanasiyana okhala ndi matanthauzo ofanana, monga:
- monosemy: tanthauzo limodzi la mawu. Mlimi: Munthu wodzipereka kulima kapena kulima.
- Polysemy: mawu amatha kukhala ndi matanthauzo angapo. Mbatata angatanthauze tuber kapena china chake chosawoneka bwino kapena chosagwira bwino ntchito. Kapena zakudya zomwe zimatanthauzidwa ngati luso kapena njira yapadera yophikira ya dziko lililonse ndi wophika aliyense. Monga gawo kapena malo a nyumba momwe amaphikira chakudya. Kapena monga chipangizo chomwe chimakhala ngati chitofu, chokhala ndi mbaula kapena moto komanso nthawi zina uvuni. Mutha kutentha ndi malasha, gasi, magetsi, ndi zina.
- Homonymy: matanthauzo osiyanasiyana a mawu omwe amalembedwa mofanana kapena kutchulidwa mofanana. Ng'ombe: nyama, ndi denga la galimoto. Zokwera mtengo: zokwera mtengo; nkhope.
- Mbiri: mawu ofanana kwambiri, koma tanthauzo lake ndi losiyana: munthu ndi phewa, kaco ndi coco, etc.
- Mawu ofanana: Mawu akakhala ndi matanthauzo ofanana, ngakhale akuwoneka osiyana kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, maphunziro ndi maphunziro.
- Antonymy: matanthauzo osiyana, monga dziko lokoma ndi dziko lamchere, lotentha ndi lozizira
Semantics imayang'ana kusintha kwa matanthauzo monga: