Tanthauzo lapano: ganiza motsutsa chinthu kapena munthu wina ndikuchiwonetsa poyera.

Etymology: mawu ovuta amachokera ku mawu oti muyeso (lingaliro, makina), muzu womwewo wa Chigriki kri (n) - (ochokera ku Proto-Indo-European * kr̥n-, yomwe m'Chilatini imaperekanso mawu ngati secretum, discernere) , mu cholinga chake chozindikira chowonadi powonetsa, m'mbuyomu, zolakwika kapena zolakwika (mayesero ndi cholakwika).

Kuchokera ku Chilatini criticus-a-um, yomwe m'chinenero chachipatala imatchula mkhalidwe woopsa kapena wosasunthika wa wodwala ndipo mu philology imatchula mwachimuna yemwe ali woweruza wa ntchito za mzimu ndipo mu neuter (critique) amatchula philology yovuta. . Ndingongole yochokera ku Chigriki () kutanthauza kuti imatha kuweruza, yochokera ku adjective yokhala ndi maubwenzi omangika -ikos.

Mneniwu umalumikizidwanso ndi mizu ya Indo-European *skribh yosonyeza kudula, kupatukana ndi kuzindikira.

Malinga ndi Google: Malingaliro kapena zigamulo zomwe zimayankha kusanthula zomwe zingakhale zabwino kapena zoipa.

Kudzudzula molingana ndi RAE: Unikani chinthu mwatsatanetsatane ndikuchiyesa molingana ndi mfundo za phunzirolo.

Zovuta molingana ndi RAE: Kukonda kuweruza zochitika ndi machitidwe nthawi zambiri m'njira yosavomerezeka.

Malinga ndi RAE: Chigamulo chofotokozedwa, poyera, zawonetsero, ntchito yojambula, ndi zina zotero.

Malinga ndi Larousse French Dictionary: Detailed examination visant à établir la vérité, l'authenticité de quelque chose (Kumasulira: Kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane komwe kumafuna kutsimikizira choonadi, kudalirika kwa chinachake).

Malinga ndi Zinenero za Oxford: Unikani (lingaliro kapena kachitidwe) mwatsatanetsatane ndi kusanthula. Kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane ndi kuwunika kwa chinthu, makamaka chiphunzitso cholemba, filosofi, kapena ndale.

Malinga ndi Google: Kukhoza kwa anthu kupanga malingaliro ndi zowonetsera zenizeni m'maganizo mwawo, kuzigwirizanitsa wina ndi mzake.

Kuchokera ku matanthauzo a "lingaliro" ndi "kutsutsa/kudzudzula", tinganene kuti kuganiza mozama ndikutha kupanga malingaliro ndi zifaniziro zenizeni (lingaliro) kuchokera kusanthula mosamala ndi kuweruza zomwe zikuganiziridwa (kubwereza). Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ndi njira yoyesera kupyola chifaniziro chamakono cha zenizeni ndi kufunafuna kuwongolera kamvedwe kake mwa njira zingapo zanzeru. za "malingaliro" ndi "kutsutsa" koma lagwiritsidwa ntchito kudzutsa matanthauzo ena osiyanasiyana, omwe amabweretsa zovuta zamalingaliro kwa ife. Chifukwa chake, tipereka m'munsimu zofunikira kwambiri kuti tipatse mawuwa tanthauzo lathu.

Malinga ndi Ennis (1992), ndi njira yowunikira pofunafuna chowonadi cha chilengedwe cha zinthu.Molingana ndi Elder & Paul (2003), amatanthauzira ngati njira yoganizira za mutu uliwonse, zomwe zili kapena vuto ndi mapangidwe kapena milingo yanzeru, ndi cholinga chowongolera. khalidwe la kulingalira. Zigawo zitatu zitha kuwoneka mu tanthauzo ili: kusanthula, kuwunika ndi kulenga.

Malinga ndi https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IPgdBai7HxY
Mkhalidwe wa kusanthula ndi kuwunika mawu (malingaliro) potengera kufunsa zenizeni (kufunsa zinthu), malingaliro (osagwirizana), kudera nkhawa kumvetsetsa zinthu, kudziyimira pawokha (kutha kudzipatsa tokha miyezo, kuzindikira ndi kutanthauzira nzeru zathu za moyo). Sichitsutso chowononga, ndi kusanthula zomwe zanenedwa kapena zolembedwa.

Kodi kuchita izo? Osatengera chilichonse mopepuka, koma popanda kugwa m'kukayikira.

Malinga ndi a Geoff Pynn (Northern Illinois University), kuganiza mozama ndi mtundu wa kuganiza komwe mikangano yomwe imatsimikizira zomwe timaganiza zaphunziridwa mosamala. Kuonetsetsa kuti tili ndi zifukwa zabwino (osati m'lingaliro labwino, koma mwinamwake zenizeni) zokhulupirira chinachake. Ndife oganiza bwino ndipo tikufuna kukhala ololera ndi kuganiza mozama.

Bungwe la National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking limatanthawuza kuganiza mozama ngati njira yolangizidwa mwanzeru yoganizira mogwira mtima komanso mwaluso, kugwiritsa ntchito, kusanthula, kupanga, ndi/kapena kuwunika zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa kapena zopangidwa ndi kuwona, zomwe zachitika, kulingalira, kulingalira, kapena kulumikizana, monga chitsogozo cha chikhulupiriro ndi zochita ". Kuganiza mozama kumalepheretsa malingaliro athu kulumpha mwachindunji ku mfundo.

Tinganene mwachidule ponena kuti kuganiza mozama ndiko kulingalira kolunjika, kolunjika. Malingana ndi José Carlos Ruiz (wafilosofi ndi wotchuka), mphamvu yomwe tonsefe timakhala nayo kuti timvetse dziko lathu mogwirizana ndi dziko la ena.

Malinga ndi gawo la maphunziro: Muzochitika zamaphunziro, tanthawuzo la kulingalira mozama limasonyeza pulogalamu yothandiza kukwaniritsa cholinga cha maphunziro. Cholinga cha maphunzirowa ndi kuzindikira, kutengera, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ophunzira a mfundozo. Kukhazikitsidwa ndi kukhazikitsa kumeneko, kumaphatikizapo kupeza chidziwitso, luso, ndi malingaliro a woganiza mozama.

Ndi mtundu wa kuganiza komwe kumabwera chifukwa choganiza mozama. Zonse zomwe zimachitika (kuganiza) ndi zotsatira (lingaliro) zimafuna malingaliro kapena mzimu wotsutsa womwe umayika chikayikiro pa mawu aliwonse kapena lingaliro. Kapena, mwa kuyankhula kwina, payenera kukhala chikhumbo chofuna kumvetsetsa ndi kuyandikira choonadi cha chirichonse. Potsatira izi, tidzatha kulankhula za mphamvu monga momwe zidzayesere kuthetsa kukaikira kapena kusakhulupirirana kuchokera ku kusanthula (kufufuza mozama) komwe kumaweruza ndikuwunika zenizeni, zenizeni kapena malingaliro okha. Chotsatira cha ndondomekoyi chidzakhala lingaliro logwirizana, lomangidwa kuchokera ku zifukwa zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti ndizovomerezeka.

Kuganiza mozama kumayambira pamalingaliro athu achilengedwe kuti tizichita zinthu moyenera.

Kuphatikiza apo, malingaliro awa atha kutengedwa ngati "filosofi ya moyo", chifukwa chake kudziyimira pawokha ndi kudziyimira pawokha kudzakwaniritsidwa chifukwa tidzakhala ndi kuthekera kodzipatsa tokha miyezo, kuzindikira ndikutanthauzira zomwe tili ndikukhazikitsa nzeru zathu zamoyo. moyo. Ndilo luso lomwe layesedwa kuti likwezedwe kuchokera ku maphunziro m'masukulu ndi mayunivesite, ndikulingalira mozama kumapeza kufunikira kwake pankhaniyi.

Ngati kuganiza mozama kumaganiziridwa kuti kuphimba kuganiza mozama pa phunziro lililonse pazifukwa zilizonse, ndiye kuti kuthetsa mavuto ndi kupanga zisankho kudzakhala mitundu ya kulingalira mozama, ngati kuchitidwa mosamala. M'mbiri yakale, "kuganiza mozama" ndi "kuthetsa mavuto" anali mayina awiri a chinthu chomwecho. Ngati kuganiza mozama kumaganiziridwa mochepa kwambiri monga kungoyesa zinthu zaluntha, ndiye kuti simungasangalale ndi kuthetsa mavuto ndi kupanga zisankho, zomwe zimakhala zolimbikitsa.

Zolinga zomvetsetsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito, monga momwe mayina awo akusonyezera, zimaphatikizapo kumvetsetsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo. Maluso oganiza mozama ndi luso amawonekera m'magulu atatu apamwamba a kusanthula, kaphatikizidwe, ndi kuwunika. Mtundu wofupikitsidwa wa taxonomy wa Bloom umapereka zitsanzo zotsatirazi za zolinga pamigawo iyi:

Zolinga zowunika: Kutha kuzindikira zongopeka zomwe sizinafotokozedwe, kutha kuwona zongopeka kuti zikugwirizana ndi zomwe wapatsidwa komanso malingaliro, kuthekera kuzindikira njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potsatsa, zokopa, ndi zinthu zina zokopa. hypothesis, kuthekera kopanga ndi kusintha malingaliro.

Zolinga zowunika: Kutha kuwonetsa zolakwika zomveka, kufananiza mfundo zazikuluzikulu za zikhalidwe zina.

Kusanthula, kaphatikizidwe, ndi kuwunika zolinga za taxonomy ya Bloom zinafika podziwika kuti "maluso apamwamba akuganiza" (Tankersley 2005: mutu 5).

Ngakhale kusanthula-kaphatikizidwe-kuwunika kumatsanzira magawo owunikira a Dewey's (1933) owunikira, taxonomy ya Bloom siinatengedwe ngati chitsanzo chamalingaliro ozama. Pomwe akuyamika kufunikira kwa ubale wake wamagulu asanu amalingaliro amalingaliro ku gulu limodzi lazokumbukira, Ennis (1981b) akuwonetsa kuti maguluwa alibe njira zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamitu yonse ndi madambwe. Mwachitsanzo, kusanthula mu chemistry ndikosiyana kwambiri ndi kusanthula m'mabuku kotero kuti sizomveka kuphunzitsa kusanthula ngati kuganiza wamba. Kuphatikiza apo, maulamuliro omwe akunenedwawo akuwoneka ngati okayikitsa pamagawo apamwamba a taxonomy ya Bloom. Mwachitsanzo, luso lotha kufotokoza zolakwika zomveka sizikuwoneka zovuta kwambiri kuposa luso lolinganiza ziganizo ndi malingaliro polemba.

Buku lokonzedwanso la Bloom's taxonomy (Anderson et al. 2001) limasiyanitsa njira yachidziwitso yomwe cholinga chake ndi maphunziro (monga kutha kukumbukira, kufananiza, kapena kutsimikizira) ndi zomwe zili mu cholinga ("chidziwitso"), chomwe chingatheke. zikhale zowona. , zamalingaliro, mwadongosolo kapena mozindikira Zotsatira zake ndi mndandanda wamitundu yayikulu isanu ndi umodzi yamalingaliro ophunzitsidwa ndi aphunzitsi: kumbukirani, kumvetsetsa, kugwiritsa ntchito, kusanthula, kuyesa ndi kupanga. Olembawo amasunga lingaliro laulamuliro wakuchulukirachulukira, koma amavomereza kuphatikizika, mwachitsanzo, pakati pa kumvetsetsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Ndipo amasunga lingaliro lakuti kuganiza mozama ndi kuthetsa mavuto kumadutsa m'njira zovuta kwambiri zamaganizo. Mawu akuti 'kuganiza mozama' ndi 'kuthetsa mavuto' amalemba kuti:

Mu taxonomy yosinthidwa, magawo ochepa okha, monga inferring, ali ndi zofanana zokwanira kuti aziwoneka ngati luso loganiza bwino lomwe lingaphunzitsidwe ndikuyesedwa ngati luso wamba.

Choncho, zomwe zimatchedwa "maluso apamwamba oganiza" pamiyeso yapamwamba ya kusanthula, kaphatikizidwe ndi kuwunika kwa taxonomy ndi luso loganiza bwino, ngakhale kuti samabwera ndi njira zambiri zowunikira.

El malingaliro opanga, zimadutsana ndi kuganiza mozama. Kuganizira kufotokozera za chodabwitsa kapena chochitika china, monga mu Ferryboat, kumafuna kulingalira kuti apange malingaliro ofotokozera omveka. Mofananamo, kulingalira za funso la ndondomeko, monga Wosankhidwa, kumafuna luso lopanga zosankha. M'malo mwake, zaluso m'gawo lililonse ziyenera kulinganizidwa ndi kuwunika kozama kwa zojambulazo kapena buku kapena chiphunzitso cha masamu.

- Kusiyana pakati pa kuganiza ndi mzimu wotsutsa
Mzimu wotsutsa umatanthawuza malingaliro omwe amakayikira ndikukayikira kutsimikizika kwa mawu, malingaliro kapena zenizeni zenizeni. Pachifukwa chimenechi, Mkulu ndi Paulo amalingalira kuti mzimu wosuliza ndiwo umodzi wa mikhalidwe isanu ndi iŵiri ya kulingalira mozama.

- Kusiyana pakati pa kuganiza mozama ndi chiphunzitso chozama. Kuchokera pa semina ku Columbia University komwe ndinatha kutenga nawo mbali. Pulofesa Bernard E. Harcourt.
Chiphunzitso chovuta sichifanana ndi kulingalira mozama. Chiphunzitso chovuta chimakhazikitsidwa pazinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi: reflexivity ya wotsutsa; kufunikira kwapakatikati kwa malingaliro / malingaliro ngati kuli kofunikira kuti athandizire kutsutsa; njira ya kutsutsidwa immanent; njira yotsutsa malingaliro; ubale wapafupi kwambiri pakati pa chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe (kusintha dziko); ndikusintha dziko kuchokera ku lingaliro la kumasulidwa. Monga tikuonera, chiphunzitso chotsutsa chili ndi gawo la ndale, lomwe limagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusintha kwa dongosolo chifukwa limadyetsedwa kwambiri ndi kutsutsa kwa Marx. Kuganiza mozama, kumbali ina, kungagwiritsidwe ntchito pofunsa zinthu zenizeni kapena zosavuta, monga chiganizo.

- Kusiyana pakati pa kuganiza mozama ndi filosofi yozama: Lembani ndikumaliza ndi Kant. Kuchokera pa semina ku Columbia University komwe ndinatha kutenga nawo mbali. Pulofesa Bernard E. Harcourt.

Tikamalankhula za filosofi yotsutsa, nthawi zambiri timatchula za Kant ndi chikhalidwe cha Kantian. Nzeru zotsutsa za Kant zinali ndi njira ziwiri, kuwonjezera pa chiphunzitso chotsutsa. Kutsutsana kwa kuwerenga kwa iwo kunatulutsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana a zomwe kutsutsa kuli. Ku Kant, panali njira yolumikizira lingaliro la kusuliza ndi lingaliro lachilatini la cri (kusiyanitsa, kusiyanitsa pakati pa zoona ndi zabodza, chinyengo). Kupanga kusiyana uku ndi ntchito yomwe imatsamira munjira yoyesera kupeza chowonadi. Ntchito yachiwiri imatsamira ku kuthekera kodziwa zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti ndi zoona ndipo nthawi yomweyo mapangidwe awa a Kantian a mikhalidwe yotheka kudziwa amapatutsa lingaliro loti chinthu chitha kudziwika kudzera muzochitika zakale, kotero zomwe tiyenera kuphunzira ndi mibadwo, mikhalidwe ndi kuthekera kwa kuganiza monga momwe timachitira lero.

Kuchokera pazidziwitso izi tikhoza kumvetsetsa kuti maganizo otsutsa a Dewey ali pafupi kwambiri ndi zamakono zomwe zimachokera ku lingaliro la Kant kuti, pansi pa mawu a sapere aude (ayese kudziwa), amayesa kusiyanitsa pakati pa zomwe ziri zoona ndi zabodza zochokera pa chifukwa. .

Komabe, sitinganene kuti ali chinthu chomwecho, popeza kuganiza mozama kumakulitsa lingaliro la Kantian ndi zina zowonjezera, zowunikira komanso zopanga.

Ngati pachimake cha kuganiza mozama, monga tawonera mu njira ya semantic, ndikulingalira mosamalitsa kolunjika, malingaliro ake amatha kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi momwe akuganizira, cholinga chake, njira yake, ndi malire ake osamala. , ndi chigawo cha ganizo chimene munthu amayang'anapo.

Kutengera kukula kwanu:
- Zochepera pazidziwitso ndi zoyeserera (Dewey)
- Imafika pakuwunika kwamalingaliro.

Malinga ndi cholinga chanu:
- Kupanga mlandu
- Lolani zochita ndi zikhulupiriro chifukwa cha kuganiza mozama.

Malinga ndi mfundo kusamala (Kusiyanasiyana kwa miyezo ya kuganiza mozama sikuli kosagwirizana):
- "wophunzitsidwa mwanzeru" (Scriven ndi Paul 1987)
- "zomveka" (Ennis 1991). Stanovich and Stanovich (2010) akulingalira kuti akhazikitse lingaliro la kulingalira mozama pa lingaliro la kulingalira, lomwe amamvetsetsa ngati kuphatikiza kwa epistemic rationality (kusintha zikhulupiriro ku dziko) ndi kulingalira kwa zida (kukwaniritsa cholinga); woganiza mozama, m'malingaliro mwake, ndi munthu yemwe ali ndi "chizoloŵezi chogonjetsa mayankho ang'onoang'ono a malingaliro odziimira."
- "waluso" (Lipman 1987)- "lingaliro la chikhulupiriro chilichonse kapena mtundu wa chidziwitso chomwe chimaganiziridwa poyang'ana maziko omwe amachichirikiza ndi ziganizo zowonjezera zomwe zimatengera" (Dewey 1910, 1933);

Malinga ndi gawo la lingaliro:
- Kuyimitsidwa kwa chiweruzo panthawi yamaganizo (Dewey ndi Mcpeck)
- Kufufuza pomwe mlandu wayimitsidwa (Bailin ndi Battersby 2009)
- Kuyesedwa kotsatira (Facione 1990a)
- Zotsatira zakukhudzidwa kwachigamulochi (Siegel 1988).

Kutengera ngati ili ndi gawo lamakhalidwe abwino kapena ayi
- Dewey, monga oganiza ambiri, amalekanitsa kuganiza mozama ndi chitukuko cha kufananitsa pakati pa ana asukulu.
- Ennis amawonjezera kuganiza mozama kufotokozera kuti ndikofunikira kusamala za ulemu ndi kufunikira kwa munthu aliyense.

Ver https://medicoplus.com/psicologia/tipos-pensamiento

Kuganiza mozama ndi imodzi mwamitundu yayikulu 24 yamalingaliro ndipo imalumikizana ndi mitundu ina yamalingaliro, monga:
- kuganiza mozama
- kuganiza zofunsa mafunso
- Malingaliro ofufuza
- malingaliro osiyanasiyana
- Kuganiza zomveka
- Kuganiza kwadongosolo
- kuganiza monyengerera
- kuganiza molakwika

Lingaliro lovuta limakhala ndi malo ofunikira mkati mwa mafunde a epistemological, kukhala amodzi mwa malo asanu okhudzana ndi chidaliro pakutha kudziwa.
‍
a) chiphunzitso
B) Kukayikira
C) Subjectivism ndi relativism
C) pragmatism
E) Kutsutsa kapena kuganiza mozama

Ndi udindo wotsutsana ndi zikhulupiriro chifukwa umakayikira magwero a chidziwitso ndi kusakhulupirira kuti athe kutsimikizira motsimikiza kuti imamvetsetsa zomwe ikudziwa komanso kuti chidziwitsochi ndi chodalirika.

Kuganiza mozama kumalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi nzeru, ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zake. Filosofi sichinthu choposa kusaka chidziwitso pofunsa mafunso ofunikira omwe amatithandiza kudziyika tokha ndikuyandikira. Atha kuwonedwa pansi pa tanthauzo ili ngati ofanana, ndi kusiyana komwe filosofi imapanga ndikukhazikitsa kuganiza mozama mumaphunziro amaphunziro.

Kuonjezera apo, tikhoza kuona kuganiza mozama m'machitidwe ena ndi ntchito zina za ntchito, ngakhale kuti tili ndi zochitika zochepa mu filosofi, monga utolankhani, kapena woweruza yemwe ayenera kuyesa ndi kusunga chidziwitso chowona kuti akhazikitse chiweruzo cholondola.

John Dewey adayambitsa mawu oti "kuganiza mozama" ngati dzina la cholinga cha maphunziro, chomwe chodziwika ndi maganizo asayansi.

Iye anachilongosola kukhala “kulingalira mogwira mtima, kosalekeza ndi mosamalitsa kwa chikhulupiriro chirichonse kapena mtundu wolingaliridwa wa chidziŵitso mogwirizana ndi zifukwa zochichirikiza ndi ziganizo zotsatizana nazo zimene chimasonkhezera.”

Chotero, Dewey anachizindikira kukhala chizoloŵezi cholingaliridwa monga mkhalidwe wasayansi. Mawu ake ataliatali ochokera kwa Francis Bacon, John Locke, ndi John Stuart Mill akusonyeza kuti sanali munthu woyamba kupereka lingaliro la kukulitsa maganizo asayansi monga cholinga cha maphunziro.

Malingaliro a Dewey anagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi masukulu ena amene anachita nawo Phunziro la Zaka zisanu ndi zitatu la m’ma 1930 lochirikizidwa ndi Association for Progressive Education ku United States. Pakafukufukuyu, makoleji 300 adagwirizana kuti aganizire za omaliza maphunziro ovomerezeka ochokera kusukulu zasekondale 30 zosankhidwa kapena machitidwe asukulu m'dziko lonselo omwe anayesa zomwe zili ndi njira zophunzitsira, ngakhale omaliza maphunzirowo anali asanamalize maphunziro awo akusekondale. Cholinga chimodzi cha phunziroli chinali kupeza kudzera mu kufufuza ndi kuyesa momwe masukulu apamwamba ku United States angathandizire achinyamata (Aikin 1942). Makamaka, akuluakulu a sukulu amakhulupirira kuti achinyamata mu demokalase ayenera kukhala ndi chizolowezi choganiza bwino komanso kuthetsa mavuto (Aikin 1942: 81). Choncho, ntchito ya ophunzira m’kalasi kaŵirikaŵiri inali ndi vuto loyenera kuthetsedwa osati phunziro loyenera kuphunzira. Makamaka masamu ndi sayansi, masukulu amayesetsa kupatsa ophunzira luso loganiza bwino komanso momveka bwino akamathetsa mavuto.

Kuganiza mozama kapena kowunikira kumabwera chifukwa cha vuto. Ndilo lingaliro labwino lomwe limagwira ntchito pofuna kuthetsa vutoli ndikufika pamapeto omwe amathandizidwa ndi deta yonse yomwe ilipo. Zoonadi Ndi njira yothetsera mavuto yomwe imafuna kugwiritsa ntchito luso la kulenga, kuona mtima, ndi kulingalira bwino. Ndilo maziko a njira ya kafukufuku wa sayansi. Kupambana kwa demokalase kumadalira makamaka kufunitsitsa ndi kuthekera kwa nzika kuganiza mozama komanso molingalira bwino za mavuto omwe ayenera kukumana nawo, ndipo kukweza malingaliro awo ndi chimodzi mwa zolinga zazikulu zamaphunziro. (Commission on the Relation between School and College of the Progressive Education Association, 1943: 745–746)

Mu 1933, Dewey anasindikiza kope lake lolembedwanso kwambiri Momwe timaganizira, ndi mutu waung'ono "Kutsimikiziranso ubale wamalingaliro owunikira ndi maphunziro". Ngakhale kukonzanso kumasungabe zoyambira ndi zomwe zili m'buku loyambirira, Dewey adasintha zingapo.

Analembanso ndi kupeputsa kusanthula kwake komveka bwino kwa malingaliro, kumveketsa bwino komanso kumveka bwino, m'malo mwa mawu akuti 'induction' ndi 'deduction' ndi mawu akuti 'kuwongolera deta ndi umboni' ndi 'kuwongolera kulingalira ndi malingaliro', anawonjezera. zithunzi zambiri, mitu yokonzedwanso, ndi magawo ophunzitsira okonzedwanso kuti asonyeze kusintha kwa masukulu kuyambira 1910.

Glaser (1941) akufotokoza m'nkhani yake ya udokotala njira ndi zotsatira za kuyesera pakukula kwa kuganiza mozama komwe kunachitika kumapeto kwa 1938.

Kuganiza mozama kumafuna khama lolimbikira kufufuza chikhulupiriro chilichonse kapena njira yodziwira yodziwiratu mogwirizana ndi umboni wochirikiza zimenezo ndi mfundo zina zimene chimatsogolera. (Glaser 1941: 6; cf. Dewey 1910: 6; Dewey 1933: 9).

Mbali ya kuganiza mozama komwe kumawoneka kuti ndi koyenera kuwongolera bwino ndikukhala wokonzeka kuganizira mozama zamavuto ndi zovuta zomwe zimagwera muzochitika zanu. Mkhalidwe wofuna umboni wa zikhulupiriro umakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusamutsidwa wamba. Kukula kwa luso logwiritsa ntchito malingaliro omveka ndi njira zofufuzira, komabe, zikuwoneka kuti zikugwirizana ndi, ndipo kwenikweni zimachepetsedwa, kupeza chidziwitso ndi mfundo zofunikira zokhudzana ndi vuto kapena mutu womwe munthu akupitako. (Glaser 1941: 175)

Zotsatira za mayeso obwerezabwereza komanso machitidwe owoneka bwino adawonetsa kuti ophunzira omwe ali mgulu lothandizira adasungabe kukula kwawo mu luso loganiza bwino kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ataphunzitsidwa mwapadera.

Mu 1948, gulu la oyesa mayunivesite aku US adaganiza zopanga misonkho yamaphunziro ndi mawu amodzi omwe angagwiritse ntchito polumikizana wina ndi mnzake paza mayeso. Yoyamba ya taxonomies iyi, yachidziwitso, idawonekera mu 1956 (Bloom et al. 1956) ndipo idaphatikizanso zolinga zoganiza mozama. Imadziwika kuti Bloom's taxonomy. Taxonomy yachiwiri, ya madera okhudzidwa (Krathwohl, Bloom, and Masia 1964), ndi taxonomy yachitatu, ya psychomotor domain (Simpson 1966-67), idawonekera pambuyo pake. Lililonse la taxonomies ndi lotsogola, ndipo kukwaniritsa cholinga cha maphunziro apamwamba kumafuna kukwaniritsidwa kwa zolinga zofananira zamaphunziro.

Taxonomy ya Bloom ili ndi magulu asanu ndi limodzi. Kuyambira zazing'ono mpaka zazikulu, ndizo chidziwitso, kumvetsetsa, kugwiritsa ntchito, kusanthula, kaphatikizidwe, ndi kuwunika. M'gulu lirilonse, pali magulu ang'onoang'ono, omwe amakonzedwanso mwamaulamuliro kuchokera ku maphunziro oyambirira kupita ku maphunziro apamwamba. Gulu lotsikitsitsa, ngakhale limatchedwa "chidziwitso," limangokhala ndi zolinga za kukumbukira zambiri ndikutha kuzikumbukira kapena kuzizindikira, popanda kusintha kwakukulu kupitirira kuzikonza (Bloom et al. 1956: 28-29). Magulu asanu apamwamba amatchedwa "luntha ndi luso" (Bloom et al. 1956: 204). Mawuwa ndi dzina lina chabe la luso loganiza mozama ndi luso:

Ngakhale kuti chidziwitso kapena chidziwitso chimazindikiridwa ngati chotsatira chofunikira cha maphunziro, ndi aphunzitsi ochepa okha omwe angakhutitsidwe ndikuwona izi ngati zotsatira zazikulu kapena zokha za maphunziro. Chofunikira ndi umboni wina wosonyeza kuti ophunzira angathe kuchita chinachake ndi chidziwitso chawo, ndiko kuti, kuti agwiritse ntchito zomwe akuphunzirazo pazochitika zatsopano ndi mavuto. Ophunzira akuyembekezekanso kupeza njira zanthawi zonse zothanirana ndi zovuta zatsopano ndi zida zatsopano. Choncho, zimayembekezereka kuti wophunzira akakumana ndi vuto linalake kapena mkhalidwe watsopano, adzasankha njira yoyenera yolimbana nawo ndipo adzapereka chidziwitso chofunikira, mfundo ndi mfundo zake. Izi zatchedwa "kuganiza mozama" ndi ena, "kuganiza mozama" ndi Dewey ndi ena, ndi "kuthetsa mavuto" ndi ena.

Zolinga zomvetsetsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito, monga momwe mayina awo akusonyezera, zimaphatikizapo kumvetsetsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo. Maluso oganiza mozama ndi luso amawonekera m'magulu atatu apamwamba a kusanthula, kaphatikizidwe, ndi kuwunika. Buku lofupikitsidwa la Bloom's taxonomy (Bloom et al. 1956: 201-207) limapereka zitsanzo zotsatirazi za zolinga pamagulu awa:

Zolinga zowunika: Kutha kuzindikira zongopeka zomwe sizinafotokozedwe, kutha kuwona zongopeka kuti zikugwirizana ndi zomwe wapatsidwa komanso malingaliro, kuthekera kuzindikira njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potsatsa, zokopa, ndi zinthu zina zokopa. hypothesis, kuthekera kopanga ndi kusintha malingaliro.

Zolinga zowunika: Kutha kuwonetsa zolakwika zomveka, kufananiza mfundo zazikuluzikulu za zikhalidwe zina.

Kusanthula, kaphatikizidwe, ndi kuwunika zolinga za taxonomy ya Bloom zinafika podziwika kuti "maluso apamwamba akuganiza" (Tankersley 2005: mutu 5). Ngakhale kusanthula-kuwunika-kuwunika kumatsanzira magawo owunikira a Dewey's (1933) owunikira, sikunatengedwe ngati chitsanzo chamalingaliro ozama. Pomwe akuyamika kufunikira kwa ubale wake wamagulu asanu amalingaliro amalingaliro ku gulu limodzi lazokumbukira, Ennis (1981b) akuwonetsa kuti maguluwa alibe njira zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamitu yonse ndi madambwe.. Mwachitsanzo, kusanthula mu chemistry ndikosiyana kwambiri ndi kusanthula m'mabuku kotero kuti sikumveka bwino kuphunzitsa kusanthula ngati mtundu wamba wamalingaliro. Kupitilira apo, maulamuliro omwe adanenedwawo akuwoneka ngati okayikitsa pamagawo apamwamba kwambiri a taxonomy ya Bloom. Mwachitsanzo, kutha kuwonetsa zolakwika zomveka sizikuwoneka zovuta kwambiri kuposa kutha kulinganiza ziganizo ndi malingaliro polemba.

Mtundu wosinthidwa wa taxonomy wa Bloom (Anderson et al. 2001) amasiyanitsa njira yachidziwitso yomwe cholinga chake ndi maphunziro (monga kukumbukira, kufanizitsa, kapena kutsimikizira) kuchokera ku chidziwitso cha cholinga ("chidziwitso"), chomwe chingakhale chowona, malingaliro, ndondomeko, kapena wozindikira. Zotsatira zake ndizomwe zimatchedwa "Taxonomy Table" yokhala ndi mizere inayi yamitundu yazambiri komanso mizati isanu ndi umodzi yamitundu yayikulu isanu ndi umodzi yachidziwitso. Olembawo amatchula mitundu yachidziwitso ndi maverebu, kuwonetsa momwe alili ngati ntchito zamaganizidwe. Tchulani dzina la 'kumvetsetsa' kuti 'kumvetsetsa' ndi gulu la 'kaphatikizidwe' kuti 'kupanga', ndikusintha dongosolo la kaphatikizidwe ndi kuwunika.. Zotsatira zake ndi mndandanda wamitundu yayikulu isanu ndi umodzi yamalingaliro ophunzitsidwa ndi aphunzitsi: kumbukirani, kumvetsetsa, kugwiritsa ntchito, kusanthula, kuyesa ndi kupanga. Olembawo amasunga lingaliro laulamuliro wakuchulukirachulukira, koma amavomereza kuphatikizika, mwachitsanzo, pakati pa kumvetsetsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Ndipo amasunga lingaliro lakuti kuganiza mozama ndi kuthetsa mavuto kumadutsa m'njira zovuta kwambiri zamaganizo. Mawu akuti 'kuganiza mozama' ndi 'kuthetsa mavuto' amalemba kuti:

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndipo amakonda kukhala 'miyala yam'ngodya' yotsindika pamaphunziro. Zonsezi zimaphatikizapo zochitika zosiyanasiyana zomwe zingathe kugawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana a Taxonomy Table. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, zolinga zokhudzana ndi kuthetsa mavuto ndi kuganiza mozama zingafunike njira zachidziwitso m'magulu osiyanasiyana mu gawo la ndondomekoyi. Mwachitsanzo, kuganizira mozama za mutu mwina kumaphatikizapo chidziwitso chamalingaliro kuti awunike mutuwo. Ndiye munthu akhoza kuyesa malingaliro osiyanasiyana malinga ndi zofunikirazo ndipo mwinamwake kupanga malingaliro atsopano koma otetezedwa pamutuwu. (Anderson et al. 2001: 269-270; zilembo zopendekera m'mabuku oyambirira)

Mu taxonomy yosinthidwa, magawo ochepa okha, monga inferring, ali ndi zofanana zokwanira kuti aziwoneka ngati luso loganiza bwino lomwe lingaphunzitsidwe ndikuyesedwa ngati luso wamba.

Chopereka chodziwika bwino ku maphunziro afilosofi pa lingaliro la kulingalira mozama inali nkhani ya 1962 mu Harvard Educational Review yolembedwa ndi Robert H. Ennis, yotchedwa "Lingaliro la Kuganiza Kwakukulu: Maziko Omwe Alipo Ofufuza pa Kuphunzitsa ndi Kuwunika." ya luso loganiza mozama. ” (Ennis 1962). Ennis adatenga ngati poyambira lingaliro la kuganiza mozama koperekedwa ndi B. Othanel Smith:

Tidzalingalira za momwe tingagwiritsire ntchito popenda mawu omwe ife, kapena ena, angakhulupirire. Wokamba nkhani wina ananena, mwachitsanzo, kuti “Ufulu umatanthauza kuti zosankha m’zochita zopindulitsa za Amereka sizimapangidwa m’maganizo mwaufulu koma m’msika waufulu. Tsopano ngati titafuna kuti tidziwe tanthauzo la mawuwa ndi kudziwa ngati tikuvomereza kapena kukana, tidzakhala otanganidwa ndi maganizo omwe, chifukwa chosowa mawu abwino, tidzatcha kulingalira mozama. Ngati wina akufuna kunena kuti iyi ndi njira yokhayo yothetsera mavuto yomwe cholinga chake ndikusankha ngati zomwe zikunenedwa zili zodalirika kapena ayi, sitidzatsutsa. Koma pazolinga zathu timasankha kuzitcha kuti kuganiza mozama. (Smith 1953: 130)

Powonjezera gawo lokhazikika pamalingaliro awa, Ennis adatanthauzira kuganiza mozama ngati "kuwunika koyenera kwa mawu" (Ennis 1962: 83). Kutengera kutanthauzira uku, adasiyanitsa "mbali" 12 za kuganiza mozama molingana ndi mitundu kapena mbali za mawu, monga kuweruza ngati mawu owonera ndi odalirika komanso kumvetsetsa tanthauzo la mawu. Iye adanena kuti sizinaphatikizepo kuweruza mawu amtengo wapatali. Podutsa mbali 12, adasiyanitsa magawo atatu a kuganiza mozama: logic (kuweruza ubale pakati pa matanthauzo a mawu ndi ziganizo), muyezo (chidziwitso cha njira zoweruza ziganizo) ndi pragmatic (chiwonetsero cha cholinga choyambirira). Pambali iliyonse, Ennis adalongosola miyeso yoyenera, kuphatikiza zomwe zikuyenera.

M’zaka za m’ma 1980 ndi m’ma 1983 panali chidwi chowonjezereka pakukula kwa luso la kulingalira. Chiyambireni ku XNUMX, msonkhano wapachaka wa International Conference on Critical Thinking and Educational Reform wakopa anthu masauzande ambiri a aphunzitsi a magulu onse. Mu XNUMX, College Entrance Examination Board idalengeza kuganiza ngati chimodzi mwazinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zofunika kwambiri pamaphunziro zomwe ophunzira aku koleji amafunikira. Madipatimenti a zamaphunziro ku United States ndi padziko lonse lapansi anayamba kuika zolinga zoganiza m’mapulogalamu awo a maphunziro a kusukulu.

Kuganiza mozama ndi njira yoganizira malingaliro kapena zochitika kuti mumvetsetse bwino, kuzindikira zotsatira zake, kupereka chiweruzo, ndi / kapena kutsogolera popanga zisankho. Kuganiza mozama kumaphatikizapo maluso monga kufunsa, kulosera, kusanthula, kupanga, kupenda malingaliro, kuzindikira zikhulupiriro ndi zovuta, kuzindikira zokondera, ndikusiyanitsa njira zina. Ophunzira omwe amaphunzitsidwa malusowa amakhala oganiza mozama omwe amatha kupitilira kutsimikiza kwachiphamaso kuti amvetsetse mozama zamavuto omwe akuwunika. Akhoza kutenga nawo mbali mu kafukufuku momwe amafufuzira mafunso ovuta komanso ochuluka, ndi mafunso omwe sangakhale ndi mayankho omveka bwino.

Sweden ili ndi masukulu omwe ali ndi udindo wowonetsetsa kuti wophunzira aliyense amene wamaliza sukulu yokakamiza "azitha kuganiza mozama ndikudzipangira yekha malingaliro otengera chidziwitso ndi malingaliro abwino". Ku yunivesite, mabuku atsopano oyambira, omwe adayambitsa Kahane (1971), adagwiritsa ntchito zida zamalingaliro pamavuto amasiku ano andale ndi ndale. Zotsatira zake, makoleji aku North America ndi mayunivesite adasintha maphunziro awo oyambira kukhala maphunziro anthawi zonse okhala ndi mutu ngati "kuganiza mozama" kapena "kulingalira." Mu 1980, ma trustees a makoleji a boma la California ndi mayunivesite adavomereza maphunziro oganiza bwino ngati chofunikira pamaphunziro onse, ofotokozedwa pansipa: Malangizo pakuganiza mozama ayenera kupangidwa kuti amvetsetse mgwirizano wa chilankhulo ndi malingaliro, zomwe ziyenera kutsogolera ku luso. kusanthula, kudzudzula ndi kuteteza malingaliro, kuganiza mozama komanso mopanda tsankho, ndikufika paziganizo zenizeni kapena zogamula potengera malingaliro omveka ochokera kuzinthu zodziwika bwino za chidziwitso kapena chikhulupiriro. Kuthekera kochepera komwe kumayembekezeredwa mukamaliza bwino maphunziro oganiza bwino kukhale kutha kusiyanitsa zoona ndi kulingalira, chikhulupiriro ndi chidziwitso, ndi luso m'njira zoyambira komanso zochepetsera, kuphatikiza kumvetsetsa zolakwika zachiyankhulo ndi malingaliro. (Dumke 1980)

Kuyambira Disembala 1983, Association for Informal Logic and Critical Thinking yathandizira magawo pamisonkhano yonse itatu yapachaka ya American Philosophical Association. Mu December 1987, Peter Facione anaitanidwa ndi American Philosophical Association Committee on Pre-Collegiate Philosophy kuti achite kafukufuku wokhazikika pazochitika zamakono za kuganiza mozama komanso kuyesa kuganiza mozama. Facione anasonkhanitsa gulu la akatswiri a maphunziro a 46 ndi akatswiri a maganizo kuti atenge nawo mbali pazochitika zambiri za Delphi, zomwe zinatchedwa Kuganiza Kwambiri: Chidziwitso Chogwirizana ndi Katswiri pa Zolinga za Maphunziro a Maphunziro ndi Maphunziro (Facione 1990a). Mawuwo adatchula maluso ndi machitidwe omwe ayenera kukhala zolinga za maphunziro apamwamba apansi pa kuganiza mozama.

Atsogoleri andale ndi mabizinesi amasiku ano amawonetsa kuthandizira kuganiza mozama ngati cholinga cha maphunziro. Mu 2014 State of the Union adilesi (Obama 2014), Purezidenti wa US Barack Obama adalemba kuganiza mozama ngati imodzi mwamaluso asanu ndi limodzi atsopano azachuma omwe amayang'aniridwa ndi pulogalamu yake ya Race to the Top. Nkhani ina m’magazini ya bizinesi ya Forbes inanena kuti luso loyamba la ntchito, lopezeka m’ntchito zisanu ndi zinayi mwa khumi mwa ntchito zofunika kwambiri, linali kuganiza mozama, komwe kumatanthauzidwa kukhala “kugwiritsa ntchito kuganiza mozama ndi kulingalira kuti muzindikire mphamvu ndi zofooka za njira zothetsera mavuto, ziganizo. , kapena njira zothetsera mavuto. Poyankha zonena zotere, European Commission yapereka ndalama za "Critical Thinking in European Higher Education Curricula", pulojekiti yofufuza ya mayiko asanu ndi anayi kuti ipange malangizo owongolera kuganiza mozama m'mayunivesite apamwamba aku Europe, pazomwe ofufuza apeza pamalingaliro ovuta. maluso ndi machitidwe omwe olemba ntchito amayembekezera kwa omaliza maphunziro aposachedwa (Domínguez 10a; 2018b).

Kufanana 1: Zonsezi zimachokera pa zomwe zimasonkhezera: kusakhulupirira chidziwitso ndi chidziwitso, chikhumbo chofuna kuyandikira choonadi / kumvetsetsa.

Kufanana 2: Mkhalidwe wawo uli pa zikhulupiriro zina zonyanyira, pamene akufuna kuzithetsa.

Kufanana 3: Malingaliro onsewa amawona kuti ndikofunikira kudzifunsa nokha za munthu yemwe amadziwa podzipenda.

Kufanana 4: Onse ali ndi cholinga chothandiza, kufunafuna kuthetsa mavuto, zotsutsana ndikuchita bwino.

Ndi chiyani? "Kutha komwe tonse tili nako kumvetsetsa dziko lathu mogwirizana ndi dziko la ena. Pali magawo osiyanasiyana. " Zinthu ziwiri zofunika:
‍
- Zomwe zimatipanga ndipo sitingathe kusankha.
- Muyenera kuphunzitsidwa kuti muwone kupyola nkhaniyo. Zofunikira kuti malingaliro asinthe. Kukhoza kufunsa zinthu kumakhazikika, sikusinthika.

Momwe mungayanjanitse filosofi ndi kuganiza mozama?
Asitoiki (zotsutsa, pali zitsanzo zabwinoko).
Ndi zinthu ziti zimadalira ine? Malingaliro anga, muyenera kuwasamalira; zokhumba zanga (zisankhani kuchokera ku zochitika zanga ndi zochitika zanga); zofooka zanga (kuwadziwa).

Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe sizidalira ife? Lingaliro limene ena ali nalo pa ife, zokonda za ena; ndi zipambano za ena.

Kusiyana 1: Kusakhutitsidwa kwa Sapiens kumachokera ku kuchepetsedwa kwa zinthu, chifukwa zimangowoneka kudzera mu prism. Pachifukwa ichi, ikufuna kulumikiza ma prisms osiyanasiyana a chinthu chophunzirira kuti amvetsetse zovuta zake ndikuchita bwino. Kuganiza mozama kumabadwa kuchokera ku chikhulupiriro chambiri kupita ku zikhulupiriro ndi zitsimikiziro, makamaka chifukwa zili munthawi yomwe kulingalira kumalowa m'malo mwa Mulungu. Pachifukwa ichi, imayesa kupereka kulemera kwakukulu kwa kulingalira kwathu, ndi cholinga chachikulu chokwaniritsa ufulu wa munthu payekha ndi zikhulupiriro za nkhani zawo.

Kusiyana 2: Kuganiza mozama nthawi zambiri kumayesa kuyerekeza kutsimikizika kwa zomwe ikuphunzira mwa kusanthula mosamalitsa mfundozo. Ndizodziwikiratu (zomveka) komanso zowunikira (zowonera). Sapiens amayesa kuyandikira kutsimikizika kwa zomwe amaphunzira kudzera mu kulumikizana kwa chidziwitso ndipo, chifukwa cha izi, amachita njira zake zisanu.

Kusiyana 3: Ngakhale pali njira za Sapiens zomwe zilipo pakuganiza mozama (mwachitsanzo, poyerekezera ndi chinthu chophunzira ndi zina zofananira kusiyanitsa bwino matanthauzo), Sapiens amapita patsogolo. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti, kuwonjezera pa kukhala ndi maganizo ndi kuganiza mozama, njira ya Sapiens imalola kuti chinthu chophunzirira chiyike pokhudzana ndi zonse (kachitidwe kachitidwe) chifukwa cha mbadwo wamagulu omwe amathandizira kumvetsetsa. Kuganiza mozama, kumbali ina, kumakhala kokwanira kwambiri kuchokera pamalingaliro omveka ndi kusanthula kwa mikangano ndi malo, kupewa kuganiza zongowonjezera kapena zabodza.

Kusiyana 4: Sapiens amayitanitsa chidziwitsocho ndipo imatithandiza kupeza ndikumvetsetsa zomwe timaphunzira kudzera m'makabati, mashelefu ndi zotungira, koma sapereka kapena kutulutsa chidziwitsocho, pomwe kuganiza mozama kumatsimikizira chidziwitso ndi chidziwitso kutsimikizira kutsimikizika kwa chilichonse. .