La semantics dzidza zvinorehwa nemashoko, mataurirwo, uye mitsara, uyewo kuchinja kwezvinoreva zvavanoona nekufamba kwenguva.
Semantics chikamu chesemiotics, icho chinobva muhuzivi hunobata nehurongwa hwekutaurirana mukati menzanga dzevanhu, kudzidza hunhu hwemasaini masisitimu, sehwaro hwekunzwisisa zvese zvinoitwa nevanhu.
Mukati me semantics inosanganisira:
- El zvinoreva hukama huri pakati pemashoko nemafungiro.
- Tsanangura ndiko kugadzirisa nekujeka, nemazvo uye nemazvo zvinoreva izwi kana chimiro chemunhu kana chinhu
- Una zvinoreva imwe neimwe yezvinoreva shoko maererano nemamiriro ezvinhu
- Una tsanangudzo Icho chirevo icho chinoyedzwa kuburikidza nacho kufumura nenzira isina izwi uye nemazvo kunzwisisa kwechirevo kana izwi kana diction yechirevo kana nzvimbo.
- Un semantic field Iro hurongwa hwemashoko kana zvirevo zvine hukama hwepedyo kune mumwe nemumwe. Semuenzaniso, apuro, orenji, matomatisi, gaka ... gadzira imwe semantic ndima kana ichitaura nezve "michero yechirimwa"
- Mukuongorora semantic yetemu, unofanirwa kufunga nezvazvo mitauro sezvo zviri pachena kuti chinhu chimwe chete chinogona kudanwa nenzira dzakasiyana, kunyange zvazvo zvachinoreva zvakafanana.
Kune marudzi maviri makuru e semantics:
- La synchronous semantics: Dzidza zvinoreva mazwi mune imwe nguva nenzvimbo.
Semuenzaniso, izwi rekuti "cocktail" mazuvano mumunda we gastronomy, gadziriro yemvura inoumbwa nemusanganiswa wezvinwiwa izvo zvinowanzowedzerwa zvimwe zvinongedzo.
- La diachronic semantics: Chidzidzo chinoitwa maererano nekushanduka-shanduka munguva yezvinoreva mazwi nezvirevo uye shanduko yakaitika nekufamba kwenguva.
Muna 1806 takawana tsananguro yekutanga kana tsananguro yezwi rekuti "cocktail" iro rinotsanangurwa se "doro rinokurudzira rinoumbwa nemhando ipi zvayo, shuga, mvura uye zvinovava, uye inowanzozivikanwa se" bitter sling "". Izwi rekuti cocktail (risati riri "cocktail") harizotanga raratidza gadziriro dzese dzave kufukidzwa nezwi rekuti "cocktails", asi inongove imwezve yekugadzirira.
Izvo zvinobatanidzwa kune pfungwa dze:
- Denotation: ndiyo chirevo muduramazwi, chirevo chepamutemo uye chinozivikanwa kune vese vatauri. Somuenzaniso, chigaro. Chigaro chivakwa chemapuranga chine makumbo matatu kana mana anoshandiswa kugara. Uye ndiko kukosha kwakapihwa nevatauri vemitauro mizhinji munyika.
- Connotation: ndiyo chirevo chemusoro chinoshandiswa nemutauri mumwechete muchirevo chakapihwa. Semuenzaniso, "Natural" sezvakataurwa nemusayendisiti, mumwe munhu ari muindasitiri yezvekudya, kana mutengi. Chokwadi matauriro avachaita pakushandisa shoko achasiyana zvikuru.
La Lexical semantics dzidza hukama huri pakati pemazwi akasiyana ane zvimwe zvinofanana zvirevo, senge:
- monosemy: chirevo chimwe chete chemazwi. Murimi: Munhu akazvipira kurima kana kurima.
- Polysemy: mazwi anogona kuva nezvirevo zvakasiyana zvakasiyana. Mbatata inogona kureva tuber kana chimwe chinhu chisina kunaka kana kusashanda zvakanaka. Kana cuisine inotsanangurwa sehunyanzvi kana nzira yakakosha yekubika yenyika imwe neimwe uye yemubiki wega wega. Sechikamu kana nzvimbo yemba inobikirwa chikafu. Kana semudziyo unoshanda sechitofu, une zvitofu kana moto uye dzimwe nguva hovhoni. Unogona kupisa nemarasha, gasi, magetsi, nezvimwe.
- Homonymy: zvinoreva zvakasiyana-siyana zvemazwi anopereterwa zvakafanana kana kududzwa zvakafanana. Mhou: mhuka, uye denga remotokari. Zvinodhura: zvakati zvinodhura; face.
- Paronymy: mazwi akafanana zvakanyanya, asi zvaanoreva zvakasiyana: murume nepfudzi, kaco uye coco, nezvimwe.
- Synonymy: kana mazwi aine chirevo chakafanana, nyangwe achiita seakasiyana zvakanyanya, semuenzaniso dzidzo nekudzidziswa.
- Antonymy: zvirevo zvinopesana, senge nyika inotapira uye nyika ine munyu, inopisa nekutonhora
Iyo semantics inofunga nezve shanduko yezvinoreva senge: