Zvazvinoreva funga pamusoro pechimwe chinhu kana mumwe munhu uye wochizivisa pachena.

Etymology: izwi rekutsoropodza rinobva paizwi criterion (pfungwa, the mechanism), the same Greek root kri(n)- (rinobva muProto-Indo-European *kr̥n-, iro muchiLatin rinopawo mazwi akaita sesecretum, discernere), muchinangwa chayo chekuona chokwadi nekuratidza, kare, nhema kana kukanganisa (kuedza nekukanganisa).

Kubva muchiLatin criticus-a-um, iyo mumutauro wezvokurapa inoratidzira mamiriro ane ngozi kana akasarudzika emurwere uye iyo muphilology inoratidzira mumurume mutongi wemabasa emweya uye mune neuter (critique) inoratidzira philology yekutsoropodza. . Chikwereti kubva muchiGiriki () zvichireva kuti inokwanisa kutonga, chivakashure chine chivakashure chehukama -ikos.

Izwi rechiito rinobatanidzwawo neIndo-European mudzi *skribh inoratidza kucheka, kupatsanura uye kuona.

Zvinoenderana neGoogle: Seti yemafungiro kana mitongo inopindura kuongororwa uye inogona kuva yakanaka kana yakaipa.

Kutsoropodza maererano neRAE: Ongorora chimwe chinhu zvakadzama wochiongorora maererano nemaitiro enyaya iri kutaurwa.

Yakakosha maererano neRAE: Kuda kutonga zviitiko uye maitiro kazhinji nenzira isina kunaka.

Maererano neRAE: Kutonga kunoratidzwa, kazhinji pachena, nezve show, basa rehunyanzvi, nezvimwe.

Maererano neduramazwi raLarousse rechiFrench: Detailed examination visant à établir la vérité, l'authenticité de quelque chose (Shanduro: Kuongorora kwakadzama kunovavarira kuburitsa chokwadi, chokwadi chechimwe chinhu).

Maererano neOxford Mitauro: Ongorora (dzidziso kana maitiro) nenzira yakadzama uye yekuongorora. (Shanduro: kuongorora dzidziso kana kuita nenzira yakadzama yekuongorora) Ongororo yakadzama uye ongororo yechinhu, kunyanya dzidziso yezvinyorwa, yehuzivi, kana yezvematongerwo enyika.

Zvinoenderana neGoogle: Kugona kwevanhu kuumba pfungwa uye zvinomiririra chokwadi mupfungwa dzavo, vachizvibatanidza kune mumwe nemumwe.

Kubva mutsanangudzo dze "pfungwa" uye "kutsoropodza / kutsoropodza", tinogona kufungidzira kuti kufunga kwakadzama ndiko kugona kuumba pfungwa nezvinomiririra chokwadi (pfungwa) kubva mukunyatsoongorora nekutonga zviri kufungwa nezvazvo.(wongororo). Nemamwe manzwi, inzira yekuedza kupfuura kumiririrwa kwazvino kwechokwadi uye kutsvaga kunatsiridza manzwisisiro acho kuburikidza nenhevedzano yemaitiro enjere.Zvisinei, revo yeshoko rekuti "kufunga kwakadzama" haingogumiri pahuwandu. ye "pfungwa" uye "kutsoropodza" asi rakashandiswa kumutsa zvimwe zvirevo zvakasiyana, izvo zvinounza matambudziko epfungwa kwatiri. Naizvozvo, tichapa pazasi akanyanya kukosha kuti tipe izwi revo yedu pachedu.

Maererano naEnnis (1992), inzira yekufungisisa pakutsvaga chokwadi chechisikigo chezvinhu.Sekureva kwaElder & Paul (2003), vanoidudzira senzira yekufunga nezvechidzidzo chipi nechipi, zviri mukati kana dambudziko nemaitiro kana mipimo yenjere, nechinangwa chekuvandudza. kunaka kwekufunga. Zvikamu zvitatu zvinogona kuonekwa mune iyi tsanangudzo: kuongorora, kuongorora uye kugadzira.

Zvinoenderana ne https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IPgdBai7HxY
Mafungiro ekuongorora nekuongorora zvirevo (pfungwa) zvichibva pakubvunza chokwadi (kubvunza zvinhu), mafungiro (asina-kuenderana), hanya nekunzwisisa zvinhu, kuzvitonga (kugona kuzvipa isu mwero, kuziva uye kutsanangura isu pachedu huzivi hwehupenyu). Hakusi kushoropodza kunoparadza, ongororo yezvinotaurwa kana zvakanyorwa.

Kuzviita sei? Usatora chero chinhu, asi pasina kuwira mukupokana.

Maererano naGeoff Pynn (Northern Illinois University), kufunga kwakadzama imhando yekufunga uko nharo dzinopembedza zvatinofunga dzakanyatsodzidzwa. Kuita chokwadi chekuti tine zvakanaka (kwete mupfungwa yetsika, asi pamwe chaiyo) zvikonzero zvekutenda chimwe chinhu. Isu tine mufungo uye tinoda kuva vanonzwisisa nekufunga kwakadzama.

The National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking inotsanangura kufunga kwakadzama senzira yehungwaru yakarongeka yekushingaira uye neunyanzvi kufunga, kushandisa, kuongorora, kubatanidza, uye / kana kuongorora ruzivo rwakaunganidzwa kana kubudiswa nekucherechedza, ruzivo, kufungisisa, kufunga, kana kutaurirana, segwaro rekutenda uye chiito ". Kufunga kwakadzama kunodzivirira pfungwa dzedu kubva pakusvetuka dzakananga kumhedziso.

Zvinogona kupfupikiswa nokutaura kuti kufunga kwakadzama kungwara, kufunga kwakanangana nevavariro. Sekureva kwaJosé Carlos Ruiz (muzivi uye mukurumbira), kugona isu tese tine kunzwisisa nyika yedu mukudyidzana nenyika yevamwe.

Zvinoenderana nendima yedzidzo: Mumamiriro ezvinhu edzidzo, tsananguro yekufunga kwakadzama inoratidza chirongwa chinoshanda chekuzadzisa chinangwa chedzidzo. Ichi chinangwa chedzidzo kucherechedzwa, kutorwa, uye kuitwa nevadzidzi veaya maitiro uye zviyero. Iko kugamuchirwa uye kuita, zvakare, kunosanganisira kuwana ruzivo, hunyanzvi, uye maitiro eanofungisisa anofunga.

Imhando yekufunga kunobva pakufunga zvakadzama. Zvose chiito (kufunga) uye mugumisiro (kufunga) zvinoda mafungiro kana mweya wekutsoropodza unokanda kupokana pane chero chirevo kana maonero. Kana, nemamwe mazwi, panofanira kuva nechishuvo chekunzwisisa uye kusvika kune chokwadi chezvose. Zvichitevera izvi, tinogona kutaura nezve kugona kusvika pazvinoedza kugadzirisa kusahadzika kana kusavimbika zvichibva pakuongorora (kuongororwa kwakakosha) kunotonga uye kuongorora chokwadi, chokwadi kana chirevo chakazvimirira. Mhedzisiro yeiyi nzira ichava pfungwa yakabatana, yakavakwa kubva kune zvikonzero zvinosimbisa kukosha kwayo.

Kufunga kwakadzama kunotanga kubva muhungwaru hwedu hwepanyama kuti tiite zvine musoro.

Uye zvakare, iyi nzira yekufunga inogona kutorwa se "huzivi hwehupenyu", nekuda kwekuti kuzvitonga uye kuzvimiririra kuchawanikwa sezvo isu tichave nekugona kuzvipa isu mwero, kuona uye kutsanangura hunhu hwedu uye kumisa isu pachedu huzivi hwehupenyu. .hupenyu. Ndizvo chaizvo hunyanzvi uhu hwakayedzwa kusimudzirwa kubva mudzidzo muzvikoro nemayunivhesiti, nekufunga kwakadzama kuchiwana kukosha kwaro mundima iyi.

Kana kufunga kwakadzama kwakagadzirirwa kuvharidzira kufunga kupi nekupi kwekuchenjera pamusoro pechidzidzo chero chipi zvacho kune chero chinangwa, saka kugadzirisa matambudziko nekuita sarudzo kuchave mhando dzekufunga kwakadzama, kana zvikaitwa nemazvo. Kubva kare, "kufunga kwakadzama" uye "kugadzirisa matambudziko" aive mazita maviri echinhu chimwe chete. Kana kufunga kwakadzama kwakatorwa zvakanyanya sekungosanganisira kuongorora zvigadzirwa zvehungwaru, ipapo unenge usingafari nekugadzirisa matambudziko nekuita sarudzo, izvo zvinovaka.

Nzwisiso uye zvinangwa zvekushandisa, sekureva kunoita mazita avo, zvinosanganisira kunzwisisa nekushandisa ruzivo. Hunyanzvi hwekufunga hwakakosha uye kugona zvinoonekwa muzvikamu zvitatu zvepamusoro zvekuongorora, kusanganisa, uye kuongorora. Iyo yakapfupikiswa vhezheni yeBloom's taxonomy inopa inotevera mienzaniso yezvinangwa pamatanho aya:

Analysis zvinangwa: kugona kuziva fungidziro dzisina kutaurwa, kugona kuongorora fungidziro dzekuenderana neruzivo rwakapihwa uye fungidziro, kugona kuziva hunyanzvi hunoshandiswa mukushambadzira, propaganda, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinonyengetedza.Zvinangwa zvepfupiso: kuronga pfungwa nezvirevo mukunyora, kugona kutaura nzira dzekuyedza. fungidziro, kugona kugadzira nekugadzirisa fungidziro.

Zvinangwa zvekuongorora: kugona kuratidza manyepo ane musoro, kuenzanisa dzidziso huru pane dzimwe tsika.

Ongororo, mubatanidzwa, uye ongororo zvinangwa zvetaxonomi yeBloom zvakasvika pakunzi “unyanzvi hwekufunga hwepamusoro-soro” (Tankersley 2005: ch. 5).

Kunyangwe iyo yekuongorora-synthesis-yedzo yekutevedzana ichitevedzera zvine musoro ongororo zvikamu zveDewey's (1933) inoratidzira pfungwa maitiro, taxonomy yaBloom haina kuwanzo gamuchirwa semuenzaniso wepfungwa yakaoma. Ndichiri kurumbidza kukosha kwekukurudzira kwehukama hwake hwezvikamu zvishanu zvekufunga kune chimwe chikamu chechinangwa chendangariro, Ennis (1981b) anonongedza kuti mapoka acho haana maitiro anoshanda kune ese misoro nemadomasi. Semuyenzaniso, ongororo mukemesitiri yakasiyana kwazvo nekuongorora muzvinyorwa zvekuti hazvina musoro kudzidzisa kuongorora semhando yekufunga. Uyezve, iyo postulated hierarchy inoita kunge isina chokwadi pamazinga epamusoro eBloom's taxonomy. Semuenzaniso, kugona kuratidza manyepo ane musoro haaite seakaoma kupfuura kugona kuronga zvirevo uye pfungwa mukunyora.

Shanduro yakadzokororwa yeBloom's taxonomy (Anderson et al. 2001) inosiyanisa nzira yekuziva inotarisirwa muchinangwa chedzidzo (sekukwanisa kuyeuka, kuenzanisa, kana kuongorora) kubva kune ruzivo rwechinangwa ("zivo"), iyo inogona. kuve chokwadi. , pfungwa, maitiro kana metacognitive. Mhedzisiro iyi rondedzero yemhando nhanhatu huru dzemaitiro ekuziva anotungamirwa nevadzidzisi: rangarira, nzwisisa, shandisa, ongorora, ongorora uye gadzira. Vanyori vanochengeta pfungwa yehumambo hwekuwedzera kuoma, asi vanobvuma kumwe kupindirana, semuenzaniso, pakati pekunzwisisa uye kushandisa. Uye ivo vanochengeta iyo pfungwa yekuti kufunga kwakadzama uye kugadzirisa matambudziko kunoenda kuburikidza neakaomesesa ekuziva maitiro. Mazwi okuti 'critical kufunga' uye 'kugadzirisa matambudziko', vanonyora kuti:

Mune yakadzokororwa taxonomy, mashoma madiki madiki, senge inferring, ane zvakakwana zvakafanana kuti abatwa seakasiyana akatsoropodza kugona kufunga anogona kudzidziswa nekuongororwa sekugona kwese.

Naizvozvo, izvo zvinodaidzwa kuti "unyanzvi hwekufunga hwepamusoro" pamazinga epamusoro ekuongorora, kuumbwa uye kuongororwa kwetaxonomy ingori hunyanzvi hwekufunga, kunyangwe zvisingauye nemaitiro akajairwa ekuongorora kwavo.

El kufunga kufunga, inopindirana nekufunga kwakadzama. Kufunga nezve tsananguro yechimwe chiitiko kana chiitiko, semuFerryboat, inoda fungidziro yekugadzira kuvaka fungidziro inonzwisisika inotsanangura. Saizvozvo, kufunga nezvemubvunzo wepolicy, senge Mumiriri, kunoda hunyanzvi kuti uuye nesarudzo. Kusiyana neizvi, hunyanzvi mune chero munda hunofanirwa kuenzana nekuongororwa kwakasimba kwekunyorwa kwependi kana riini kana dzidziso yemasvomhu.

- Musiyano pakati pekufunga nemweya wekutsoropodza
Mweya wekutsoropodza unoreva maitiro anopokana uye anofungira huchokwadi hwezvirevo, pfungwa kana chokwadi chaicho. Nokuda kweichi chikonzero, Mukuru naPauro vanorangarira kuti mudzimu wokutsoropodza ndomumwe wamano manomwe endangariro okufunga kwokutsoropodza.

- Musiyano pakati pekufunga kwakadzama nedzidziso yakadzama. Zvakatorwa kubva kumusangano paColumbia University umo ndakakwanisa kutora chikamu. Purofesa Bernard E. Harcourt.
Tsanangudzo yekutsoropodza haina kufanana nekufunga kwakadzama. Dzidziso yetsoropodzo yakavakirwa pazvinhu zvitanhatu: reflexivity yemutsoropodzi; kukosha kwepakati kwemafungiro epfungwa / pfungwa sezvinodiwa kuyananisa kupokana; nzira yekutsoropodza kusingagumi; nzira yekutsoropodza mafungiro; ukama hwepedyo zvikuru pakati pedzidziso netsika (kuchinja nyika); uye shandura nyika kubva pane pfungwa yekusunungurwa. Sezvatinoona, dzidziso yekutsoropodza ine chikamu chezvematongerwo enyika, chakabatana neshanduko yehurongwa sezvo ichinyanya kutsigirwa nekutsoropodza kwaMarx. Kufunga kwakadzama, kune rumwe rutivi, kunogona kushandiswa kubvunza zvakanyanya kongiri kana zvinhu zviri nyore, semutsara.

-Musiyano pakati pekufunga kwakadzama uye huzivi hwakadzama: Nyora uye upedze neKant. Zvakatorwa kubva kumusangano paColumbia University umo ndakakwanisa kutora chikamu. Purofesa Bernard E. Harcourt.

Kana tichitaura nezvehuzivi hwekutsoropodza, kazhinji yenguva tinoreva Kant uye neKantian tsika. Huzivi hwekutsoropodza hwaKant hwaive nemakwara maviri, mukuwedzera kune dzidziso yekutsoropodza. Kunetsana kwekuverenga kweavo kwakaburitsa pfungwa dzakasiyana dzekuti kushoropodza chii. MuKant, pakanga pane nzira yekubatanidza pfungwa yekutsoropodza kune chirevo chechiLatin chekutsoropodza (musiyano, mutsauko pakati pechokwadi nenhema, illusion). Kugadzira mutsauko uyu ibasa rinotsamira munzira yekuyedza kutsvaga chokwadi. Basa rechipiri rinosendamira kune mukana wekuziva izvo zvinonzi ndezvechokwadi uye panguva imwechete izvi Kantian zvimiro zvemamiriro ekuziva zvinogona kutsausa pfungwa yekuti chimwe chinhu chinogona kungozivikanwa kuburikidza nemamiriro ezvakaitika kare, saka chatinofanira kudzidza dzinza, mamiriro uye mikana yekufunga sezvatinoita nhasi.

Kubva pane zvirevo izvi tinogona kunzwisisa kuti pfungwa yaDewey yakatsoropodza iri pedyo zvikuru neino ikozvino inomuka kubva mukufunga kwaKant kuti, pasi pechirevo che sapere aude (kushinga kuziva), inoedza kusiyanisa pakati pechokwadi nenhema zvichienderana nechikonzero.

Nekudaro, isu hatigone kutaura kuti chinhu chimwe chete, sezvo kufunga kwakadzama kunotambanudzira iyi Kantian zano nemamwe maitiro anoshanda, ekutanga uye ekugadzira zvinhu.

Kana musimboti wekufunga kwakadzama, sezvataona munzira ye semantic, yakanyatso kutarisisa chinangwa-inotungamirwa kufunga, pfungwa dzayo dzinogona kusiyana zvichienderana nehupamhi hwayo hunofungidzirwa, chinangwa chayo inofungidzirwa, maitiro emunhu, uye chikumbaridzo chemunhu chekungwarira. , uye chikamu chepfungwa chinotariswa nemunhu.

Zvichienderana nehukuru hwako:
- Yakaganhurirwa kune hwaro hwekutarisa uye kuyedza (Dewey)
- Inosvika pakuongororwa kwezvigadzirwa zvekufunga.

Zvichienderana nechinangwa chako:
- Kugadziriswa kwechiitiko
- Bvumira zviito uye zvinotendwa semhedzisiro yemaitiro ekufunga kwakadzama.

Maererano nezvinodiwa kungwarira (aya akasiyana maratidziro ezvimiro zvekufunga kwakadzama hazvifanire kuenderana):
- "Kurangwa nepfungwa" (Scriven naPauro 1987)
- "zvinonzwisisika" (Ennis 1991). Stanovich and Stanovich (2010) vanokurudzira kudzika pfungwa yekufunga kwakadzama papfungwa yekunzwisisa, iyo yavanonzwisisa semubatanidzwa we epistemic rationality (kuchinjisa zvitendero kune nyika) uye hunyanzvi hwekuita (optimizing chinangwa kubudirira); mufungi anotsoropodza, mukuona kwake, mumwe munhu ane "katsika kekupfuura mhinduro dzisiri dzepamusoro dzepfungwa dzinozvimiririra."
- "unyanzvi" (Lipman 1987)- "kufunga kwechitendero chipi nechipi kana nzira inofungidzirwa yezivo muchiedza chezvikonzero zvinotsigira uye dzimwe mhedziso dzazvinorerekera" (Dewey 1910, 1933);

Maererano nechikamu chekufunga:
- Kumiswa kwekutonga panguva yekufunga (Dewey naMcpeck)
- Tsvakurudzo apo kutongwa kwakamiswa (Bailin naBattersby 2009)
- Muyedzo wakabuda (Facione 1990a)
-Iyo yakazotevera yekupindura kwemutongo uyu (Siegel 1988).

Zvichienderana nokuti inosanganisira chikamu chetsika here kana kuti kwete
- Dewey, kufanana nevakawanda vanofunga, anoparadzanisa kufunga kwakadzama kubva pakukura kwekuenzanisa kwevanhu pakati pevana vechikoro.
- Ennis anowedzera kufunga kwakadzama tsananguro yekuti zvakakosha kuti ugone kuve nehanya nehunhu uye kukosha kwemunhu wega.

Ver https://medicoplus.com/psicologia/tipos-pensamiento

Kufunga kwakakosha ndeimwe yemhando makumi maviri nemana ekufunga uye inodyidzana nemamwe marudzi ekufunga, akadai se:
- mafungiro ekufunga
- kubvunzurudza kufunga
- kuongorora mafungiro
- kufunga kwakasiyana
- Kufunga zvine musoro
-System kufunga
- kufungisisa kufunga
- kufungidzira kunokanganisa

Pfungwa yakakosha inotora nzvimbo yakakosha mukati meiyo epistemological currents, ichiva chimwe chezvinzvimbo zvishanu maererano nekuvimba mukukwanisa kwekuziva.
‍
a) dzidziso
b) kusava nechokwadi
C) Subjectivism uye relativism
C) pragmatism
E) Kutsoropodza kana kufunga kwakadzama

Inzvimbo inopesana nedzidziso sezvo ichibvunza manyuko ezivo nekusavimba kuitira kuti igone kusimbisa nechokwadi kuti inonzwisisa zvainoziva uye kuti ruzivo urwu rwakavimbika.

Kufunga kwakadzama kwakanyatsobatanidzwa ne uzivi, chikamu chechikonzero chayo chekuve. Uzivi hachisi chimwe chinhu kunze kwekutsvaga kwezivo nekubvunza mimwe mibvunzo yakakosha inobatsira kuzviisa pachedu uye kusvika pairi. Vanogona kuonekwa pasi petsanangudzo iyi yakafanana, nemusiyano wekuti uzivi hunoronga uye hunoronga kufunga kwakadzama muchikoro chedzidzo.

Mukuwedzera, tinogona kuona kufunga kwakanyanyisa mune mamwe maitiro uye mamwe mashandisirwo ebasa, kunyange nezviitiko zvishoma mufilosofi, zvakadai senhau, kana mutongi anofanirwa kuongorora uye kuchengeta ruzivo rwechokwadi kuti agadzire kutonga kwakarurama.

John Dewey yakaunza izwi rekuti "critical thinking" sezita rechinangwa chedzidzo, icho inoratidzirwa nechimiro chendangariro chesayenzi.

Akairondedzera se“Kushanda, kunopfuurira uye nokungwarira kurangarirwa kwechitendero chipi nechipi kana kuti chimiro chinofungidzirwa chezivo muchiedza chezvikonzero zvinoitsigira uye mhedziso dzinotevera kwazvinorerekera kwadziri.

Nokudaro, Dewey akaizivisa setsika yokurangarira kwakadaro sechimiro chendangariro chesayenzi. Mashoko ake akareba kubva kuna Francis Bacon, John Locke, uye John Stuart Mill anoratidza kuti akanga asiri munhu wokutanga kutaura kukudziridzwa kwechimiro chendangariro chesayenzi senharidzano yedzidzo.

Pfungwa dzaDewey dzakashandiswa nezvimwe zvikoro zvakabatanidzwa muChidzidzo Chamakore Masere muma1930 chaitsigirwa neAssociation for Progressive Education muUnited States. Pachidzidzo ichi, makoreji mazana matatu akabvumirana kufunga nezvevachapedza kudzidza kubva kuzvikoro makumi matatu zvakasarudzwa kana masisitimu echikoro munyika yose vakaedza zvemukati uye nzira dzekudzidzisa, kunyangwe vakapedza kudzidza vaive vasina kupedza zvakatarwa zvidzidzo zvechikoro chesekondari. Chimwe chinangwa chechidzidzo chacho chaiva chekutsvaga kuburikidza nekuongorora uye kuedza kuti zvikoro zvepamusoro muUnited States zvinogona sei kushandira vechidiki (Aikin 300). Kunyanya, vakuru vechikoro vaitenda kuti vechidiki mudemokrasi vanofanira kukudziridza tsika yekufungisisa uye unyanzvi hwokugadzirisa matambudziko (Aikin 30: 1942). Naizvozvo, basa revadzidzi mukirasi kazhinji kazhinji raibatanidza chinetso chaifanira kugadziriswa kupfuura chidzidzo chinofanira kudzidzwa. Kunyanya musvomhu nesainzi, zvikoro zvaiedza kupa vadzidzi ruzivo rwekufunga zvakajeka uye zvine musoro apo vaigadzirisa matambudziko.

Kufunga kwakadzama kana kufungisisa kunobva pakuona kwedambudziko. Ihwo hutano hwekufunga hunoshanda mukuedza kugadzirisa dambudziko uye kusvika kune mhedziso yekuedza iyo inotsigirwa nemashoko ose aripo. Chokwadi inzira yekugadzirisa matambudziko inoda kushandiswa kweruzivo rwekugadzira, kuvimbika kwenjere, uye kutonga kwakanaka. Ndiyo nheyo yenzira yekutsvakurudza kwesayenzi. Kubudirira kwedemocracy kunotsamira pakuda uye kugona kwevagari kufunga zvakadzama uye nekufungisisa pamusoro pezvinetso zvavanofanira kutarisana nazvo, uye kuvandudza kunaka kwemafungiro avo ndicho chimwe chezvinangwa zvikuru zvedzidzo. (Komisheni pahukama pakati peChikoro uye Koreji yeProgressive Education Association, 1943: 745-746)

Muna 1933, Dewey akabudisa chinyorwa chake chakanyorwa zvakare Maitiro Atinoita, ine subtitle "Kusimbisa patsva kwehukama hwekufunga kwekufungidzira nemaitiro edzidzo". Kunyangwe iyo yekuvandudza ichichengeta iyo yakakosha chimiro uye zvirimo zvebhuku rekutanga, Dewey akaita shanduko dzakati wandei.

Akanyora zvakare uye akarerutsa ongororo yake ine musoro yemaitiro ekufunga, akaita kuti pfungwa dzake dzijeke uye dzitsanangurwe zvakanyanya, akatsiva mazwi ekuti 'induction' uye 'kubvisa' nezvirevo 'kudzora data nehumbowo' uye 'kudzora kwekufunga uye pfungwa', akawedzera. mimwe mifananidzo, zvitsauko zvakarongwazve, uye zvikamu zvekudzidzisa zvakagadziridzwa kuratidza kuchinja muzvikoro kubvira muna 1910.

Glaser (1941) anoshuma muchirevo chake chechiremba nzira uye migumisiro yekuedza mukuvandudzirwa kwekufunga kwakadzama kwakaitwa mukudonha kwe1938.

Kufunga kwakadzama kunoda nhamburiko inopfuurira yokunzvera chitendero chipi nechipi kana kuti nzira inofungidzirwa yokuziva maererano noufakazi hunoitsigira uye mhedziso dzokuwedzera dzainosvitsa kwadziri. (Glaser 1941:6; cf. Dewey 1910:6; Dewey 1933:9).

Chinhu chekufunga kwakadzama chinoita sechinonyanyo batsira pakuvandudzwa kwese maitiro ekuda kufunga zvine hungwaru matambudziko nenyaya dzinowira mukati mechiitiko chemunhu. Mafungiro ekuda humbowo hwezvinotendwa ari pasi pekutamisirwawo zvawo. Kuvandudzwa kwekugona kushandisa kufunga zvine musoro uye nzira dzekuferefeta, zvisinei, zvinoita sekunge zvine hukama zvakananga, uye zvinoganhurirwa, nekuwaniswa kwezivo uye chokwadi chakakodzera chine chekuita nedambudziko kana musoro waari kuenda. (Glaser 1941: 175)

Kudzokororwa kwebvunzo mhinduro uye maitiro anocherechedzwa zvakaratidza kuti vadzidzi vari muboka rekupindira vakaramba vachikura mukugona kufunga kwakadzama kweinenge mwedzi mitanhatu mushure mekudzidziswa kwakakosha.

Muna 1948, boka revaongorori vekoreji yekuUS vakasarudza kugadzira taxonomies yezvinangwa zvedzidzo nezwi rakafanana ravaigona kushandisa kutaurirana pamusoro pezvinhu zvebvunzo. Yekutanga yeiyi taxonomies, yenzvimbo yekuziva, yakaonekwa mu1956 (Bloom et al. 1956) uye yaisanganisira zvakakosha kufunga zvinangwa. Iyo inozivikanwa seBloom's taxonomy. Yechipiri taxonomy, yeaaffective domain (Krathwohl, Bloom, uye Masia 1964), uye yechitatu taxonomy, ye psychomotor domain (Simpson 1966-67), yakaonekwa gare gare. Imwe neimwe yemitero ine hierarchical, uye kubudirira kwechinangwa chedzidzo yepamusoro kunoda kuzadzikiswa kwezvinangwa zvedzidzo zvepasi.

Bloom's taxonomy ine zvikamu zvitanhatu zvikuru. Kubva padiki kusvika pakukura, iwo ruzivo, kunzwisisa, kushandisa, kuongorora, kusanganisa, uye kuongorora. Mukati mechikamu chega chega, mune zvikamu zvidiki, zvakare zvakarongwa zvine mutsindo kubva padzidzo yekutanga kusvika padzidzo yakazotevera. Chikamu chakaderera, nyangwe chichinzi “ruzivo,” chinongogumira kuzvinangwa zvekuyeuka ruzivo uye kukwanisa kuyeuka kana kuzviziva, pasina shanduko yakawanda kupfuura kurironga (Bloom et al. 1956: 28-29). Zvikamu zvishanu zvepamusoro zvakabatanidzwa zvinodaidzwa kuti "kugona kwenjere nehunyanzvi" (Bloom et al. 1956: 204). Izwi rinongori rimwe zita rehunyanzvi hwekufunga uye kugona:

Kunyange zvazvo ruzivo kana ruzivo ruchionekwa semubairo wakakosha wedzidzo, vadzidzisi vashoma ndivo vangagutsikana kuona izvi semugumisiro mukuru kana kuti chete wemurayiridzo. Chinodiwa humwe uchapupu hwokuti vadzidzi vanogona kuita chimwe chinhu nezivo yavo, ndiko kuti, kuti vanogona kushandisa mashoko acho kumamiriro ezvinhu matsva nezvinetso. Vadzidzi vanotarisirwawo kuwana matekiniki akajairwa ekugadzirisa matambudziko matsva nezvinhu zvitsva. Nokudaro, zvinotarisirwa kuti kana mudzidzi asangana nedambudziko idzva kana mamiriro ezvinhu, vachasarudza nzira yakakodzera yekurirwisa uye vachapa ruzivo rwakakodzera, zvose zviri zviviri chokwadi nemisimboti. Izvi zvakanzi "critical thinking" nevamwe, "reflective thinking" naDewey nevamwe, uye "kugadzirisa matambudziko" nevamwe.

Nzwisiso uye zvinangwa zvekushandisa, sekureva kunoita mazita avo, zvinosanganisira kunzwisisa nekushandisa ruzivo. Hunyanzvi hwekufunga hwakakosha uye kugona kunoonekwa muzvikamu zvitatu zvepamusoro zvekuongorora, synthesis, uye ongororo. The condensed version of Bloom's taxonomy (Bloom et al. 1956: 201-207) inopa mienzaniso inotevera yezvinangwa pamatanho aya:

Analysis zvinangwa: kugona kuziva fungidziro dzisina kutaurwa, kugona kuongorora fungidziro dzekuenderana neruzivo rwakapihwa uye fungidziro, kugona kuziva hunyanzvi hunoshandiswa mukushambadzira, propaganda, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinonyengetedza.Zvinangwa zvepfupiso: kuronga pfungwa nezvirevo mukunyora, kugona kutaura nzira dzekuyedza. fungidziro, kugona kugadzira nekugadzirisa fungidziro.

Zvinangwa zvekuongorora: kugona kuratidza manyepo ane musoro, kuenzanisa dzidziso huru pane dzimwe tsika.

Ongororo, mubatanidzwa, uye ongororo zvinangwa zvetaxonomi yeBloom zvakasvika pakunzi “unyanzvi hwekufunga hwepamusoro-soro” (Tankersley 2005: ch. 5). Kunyangwe iyo yekuongorora-synthesis-yekutevedzana inoteedzera iyo inonzwisisika yekuongorora zvikamu zveDewey's (1933) inofungidzira maitiro ekufunga, haisati yawanzo kugamuchirwa semuenzaniso weiyo yakaoma kufunga maitiro. Ndichiri kurumbidza kukosha kwekukurudzira kwehukama hwake hwezvikamu zvishanu zvekufunga kune chimwe chikamu chechinangwa chendangariro, Ennis (1981b) anonongedza kuti mapoka acho haana maitiro anoshanda kune ese misoro nemadomasi.. Semuyenzaniso, ongororo mukemesitiri yakasiyana kwazvo nekuongorora muzvinyorwa zvekuti hazvina musoro kudzidzisa kuongorora semhando yekufunga. Kupfuurirazve, iyo postulated hierarchy inoratidzika kunge isina chokwadi pamazinga epamusoro eBloom's taxonomy. Semuenzaniso, kugona kuratidza manyepo ane musoro haaite seakaoma kunzwisisa kupfuura kugona kuronga zvirevo uye pfungwa mukunyora.

Shanduro yakadzokororwa yeBloom's taxonomy (Anderson et al. 2001) anosiyanisa nzira yekuziva inotarisirwa muchinangwa chedzidzo (sekukwanisa kuyeuka, kuenzanisa, kana kusimbisa) kubva kune chinangwa chemashoko ezvinyorwa ("ruzivo"), zvingava zvechokwadi, pfungwa, maitiro, kana metacognitive. Mhedzisiro yacho ndiyo inonzi "Taxonomy Table" ine mitsara mina yemhando yezvinyorwa zveruzivo uye makoramu matanhatu emhando nhanhatu dzepfungwa dzekuziva. Vanyori vanodoma mhando dzemaitiro ekuziva nezviito, kuratidza chimiro chavo semabasa epfungwa. Vanopa zita rekuti 'nzwisiso' chikamu ku 'kunzwisisa' uye chikamu che'synthesis' kuti 'sike', uye nekushandura kurongeka kweiyo synthesis uye kuongorora.. Mhedzisiro iyi rondedzero yemhando nhanhatu huru dzemaitiro ekuziva anotungamirwa nevadzidzisi: rangarira, nzwisisa, shandisa, ongorora, ongorora uye gadzira. Vanyori vanochengeta pfungwa yehumambo hwekuwedzera kuoma, asi vanobvuma kumwe kupindirana, semuenzaniso, pakati pekunzwisisa uye kushandisa. Uye ivo vanochengeta iyo pfungwa yekuti kufunga kwakadzama uye kugadzirisa matambudziko kunoenda kuburikidza neakaomesesa ekuziva maitiro. Mazwi okuti 'critical kufunga' uye 'kugadzirisa matambudziko', vanonyora kuti:

Iwo anoshandiswa zvakanyanya uye anowanzo kuve 'makona' ekusimbisa pakudzidza. Ose ari maviri anowanzo sanganisira akasiyana ezviitiko zvinogona kuiswa mumasero akasiyana eTaxonomy Tafura. Kureva kuti, chero ipi zvayo, zvibodzwa zvinosanganisira kugadzirisa matambudziko uye kufunga kwakadzama zvinogona kuda maitirwo enjeremu muzvikamu zvakasiyana muchikamu chemaitiro. Semuenzaniso, kufunga zvakadzama nezvemusoro wenyaya pamwe kunosanganisira ruzivo rwepfungwa kuongorora musoro wacho. Ipapo munhu anogona kuongorora maonero akasiyana maererano nemaitiro uye pamwe kugadzira chinyorwa asi chinodzivirirwa maonero pamusoro penyaya iyi. (Anderson et al. 2001: 269-270; takatsveyama mumutauro wekutanga)

Mune yakadzokororwa taxonomy, mashoma madiki madiki, senge inferring, ane zvakakwana zvakafanana kuti abatwa seakasiyana akatsoropodza kugona kufunga anogona kudzidziswa nekuongororwa sekugona kwese.

Mupiro unokosha kuhunyanzvi hwehuzivi papfungwa yekufunga kwakadzama chaive chinyorwa cha1962 muHarvard Educational Review naRobert H. Ennis, chine musoro unoti "Pfungwa yeKufunga Kwakakosha: Nheyo Yakarongwa Yekutsvagisa muKudzidzisa uye Kuongorora." yekugona kufunga kwakadzama. ” (Ennis 1962). Ennis akatora senzvimbo yake yekutanga pfungwa yekufunga kwakadzama kwakapihwa naB. Othanel Smith:

Tichafunga kufunga maererano nemashandiro anobatanidzwa mukuongorora zvirevo izvo isu, kana vamwe, tingatenda. Mumwe mukurukuri anotaura, somuenzaniso, kuti “Rusununguko runoreva kuti zvisarudzo mukuedza kubereka kweAmerica hazviitwe mundangariro dzehurumende asi mumusika wakasununguka. Zvino kana tikatanga kutsvaga kuti chirevo ichi chinorevei uye kuona kuti tinochibvuma here kana kuti tichichiramba, tinenge tapinda mukufunga uko, nekushaikwa kwezwi riri nani, tichadaidza kufunga kwakadzama. Kana munhu achida kutaura kuti iyi ingori nzira yekugadzirisa matambudziko umo chinangwa chiri chekusarudza kana zviri kutaurwa zvakavimbika kana kwete, hatizopikisa. Asi nekuda kwezvinangwa zvedu tinosarudza kuidaidza kuti kufunga kwakadzama. (Smith 1953: 130)

Kuwedzera chikamu chetsika kune iyi pfungwa, Ennis akatsanangura kufunga kwakadzama se "kuongororwa kwakaringana kwezvirevo" (Ennis 1962: 83). Kubva pane tsananguro iyi, akasiyanisa gumi nembiri "zvimiro" zvekufunga kwakadzama zvinoenderana nemhando kana zvikamu zvezvirevo, sekutonga kana chirevo chekutarisa chakavimbika uye kubata zvinorehwa nechirevo. Akataura kuti haina kusanganisira kutonga zvirevo zvekukosha. Achifamba nemativi gumi nemaviri, akasiyanisa mativi matatu ekufunga kwakadzama: pfungwa (kutonga hukama pakati pezvinoreva mazwi nemitsara), mureza (ruzivo rwemaitiro ekutonga zvirevo) uye pragmatic (mufananidzo wechinangwa chekumashure). Pachikamu chega chega, Ennis akatsanangura zviyero zvinoshanda, kusanganisira maitiro.

Muma1980 nama1983 kwakanga kune ngwariro yakawedzerwa kukukudziridzwa kwounyanzvi hwokufunga. Kubva payakavambwa muna XNUMX, Musangano wepagore weInternational Conference on Critical Thinking and Educational Reform wakakwezva makumi ezviuru zvevadzidzisi vematanho ese. Muna XNUMX, College Entrance Examination Board yakazivisa kufunga seimwe yeatanhatu epakati hunyanzvi hwedzidzo inodiwa nevadzidzi vekoreji. Madhipatimendi edzidzo muUnited States uye pasi pose akatanga kubatanidza zvinangwa zvokufunga mumirayiridzo yezvidzidzo zvechikoro.

Kufunga kwakadzama inzira yekufunga nezvepfungwa kana mamiriro ezvinhu kuti uzvinzwisise zvizere, kuona zvazvinoreva, kuita mutongo, uye/kana kutungamira kuita sarudzo. Kufunga kwakadzama kunosanganisira hunyanzvi hwakadai sekubvunza, kufanotaura, kuongorora, kubatanidza, kuongorora maonero, kuona hunhu nematambudziko, kuona kusarura, uye kusiyanisa dzimwe nzira. Vadzidzi vanodzidziswa hunyanzvi uhu vanova vafungi vakadzama vanogona kupfuura mhedziso dzepamusoro kusvika pakunzwisisa kwakadzama kwenyaya dzavari kuongorora. Vanogona kuita chirongwa chekutsvagisa mavanoongorora nyaya dzakaomarara uye dzine mativi mazhinji uye mibvunzo iyo inogona kunge isina mhinduro dzakajeka.

Sweden inobata zvikoro zvine mutoro wekuona kuti mudzidzi wese anopedza chikoro chekumanikidzira "anokwanisa kushandisa kufunga kwakadzama uye kugadzira akazvimirira maonero anoenderana neruzivo uye nekufunga kwehunhu". Padanho reyunivhesiti, mafungu matsva emabhuku ekutanga ezvinyorwa, akapayona naKahane (1971), akashandisa maturusi epfungwa kumatambudziko emagariro nezvematongerwo enyika. Mumashure mayo, makoji nemayunivhesiti ekuNorth America vakashandura kosi yavo yekutanga kuita kosi yesevhisi yedzidzo ine zita rakadai se "kufunga kwakadzama" kana "kufunga." Muna 1980, matrustees emakoreji ehurumende yeCalifornia nemayunivhesiti akabvumira kosi yekufunga kwakadzama sechinodikanwa chedzidzo, chinotsanangurwa pazasi: Mirayiridzo mukufunga kwakadzama inofanira kugadzirwa kuti iwane kunzwisisa kwehukama hwemutauro kune pfungwa, iyo inofanirwa kutungamira kune kugona. kuongorora, kutsoropodza nekudzivirira pfungwa, kufunga zvine mutsindo uye zvine mutsindo, uye kusvika pamhedziso dzechokwadi kana dzekutonga zvichibva pazvirevo zvine mutsindo zvakatorwa kubva mukutaura kusina kujeka kweruzivo kana kutenda. Hunyanzvi hudiki hunotarisirwa pakupedzwa nekubudirira kwedzidziso yekufunga kwakadzama hunofanira kuve kugona kusiyanisa chokwadi kubva mukutonga, kutenda kubva muruzivo, uye hunyanzvi mukutanga inductive uye deductive maitiro, kusanganisira kunzwisisa zviri pamutemo uye zvisina kurongwa manyepo emutauro nepfungwa. (Dumke 1980)

Kubva muna Zvita 1983, Sangano reInformal Logic uye Critical Thinking rakatsigira zvikamu pamisangano mitatu yegore yegore reAmerican Philosophical Association. Muna December 1987, Peter Facione akakokwa neAmerican Philosophical Association Committee yePre-Collegiate Philosophy kuti aite tsvakurudzo yakarongeka pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu epanguva ino ekufunga kwakanyanya uye kuongororwa kwekufunga kwakadzama. Facione akaunza pamwe chete boka revamwe vazivi vezvidzidzo makumi mana nevatanhatu uye nyanzvi dzepfungwa kuti vatore chikamu muhurongwa hweDelphi hwakawanda, chibereko chayo chakanzi Kufunga Kwakakosha: Chirevo Chibvumirano cheNyanzvi yeZvinangwa zveKuongorora Kwedzidzo uye Murairo (Facione 46a). Chirevo chakanyorwa hunyanzvi uye maitiro anofanirwa kunge ari zvinangwa zvepazasi-level undergraduate kosi mukufunga kwakadzama.

Vatungamiri vemazuva ano vezvematongerwo enyika nevemabhizinesi vanoratidza rutsigiro rwekufunga kwakadzama sechinangwa chekudzidzisa. Mukutaura kwake muna 2014 State of the Union address (Obama 2014), Mutungamiriri weUnited States, Barack Obama, akanyora kufunga kwakadzama seimwe yehunyanzvi hutanhatu hwehupfumi hwakanangwa nechirongwa chake cheRace to the Top. Imwe nyaya iri mumagazini yebhizinesi yeForbes yakashuma kuti hunyanzvi hwekutanga hwebasa, hunowanikwa mumapfumbamwe kubva pagumi emabasa anonyanya kudiwa, kwaive kufunga kwakadzama, kunotsanangurwa se "kushandisa pfungwa uye kufunga kuti uone kusimba uye kusasimba kwemhinduro sarudzo, mhedziso. , kana nzira dzekugadzirisa matambudziko. Mukupindura zvichemo zvakadaro, European Commission yakapa mari "Critical Thinking in European Higher Education Curricula", chirongwa chenyika pfumbamwe chekutsvagisa nhungamiro yemhando yekuraira kwakasimba kwekufunga muzvikoro zvepamusoro zveEuropean, pane zvakawanikwa nevanoongorora kufunga kwakakomba. hunyanzvi uye maitiro anotarisirwa nevashandirwi kune vachangopedza kudzidza (Domínguez 10a; 2018b).

Kufanana 1: Ose ari maviri anotanga kubva pakurudziro imwechete: kusavimba neruzivo uye ruzivo, chishuvo chekuswedera pedyo nechokwadi / kunzwisisa.

Kufanana 2: Chinzvimbo chavo chiri pane kumwe kunyanyisa kwedzidziso, sezvavanotsvaka kuzvigumisa.

Kufanana 3: Mazano ese ari maviri anoona zvakakosha kuzvibvunza nezvemunhu anoziva kuburikidza nekuzviongorora.

Kufanana 4: Zvose zvine chinangwa chinoshanda, kutsvaga kugadzirisa matambudziko, kupesana uye kuita zviri nani.

Chii? "Kugona isu tese tine kunzwisisa nyika yedu mukudyidzana nenyika yevamwe. Kune mazinga akasiyana." Zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha:
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- Mamiriro ezvinhu anotigadzirisa uye isu hatigone kusarudza.
- Inoda kudzidzisa kuti uone kupfuura mamiriro. Zvakakosha kuti pfungwa dzishanduke. Kugona kubvunza zvinhu kwakamira, hakuna kushanduka.

Nzira yekubatanidza sei uzivi nekufunga kwakadzama?
ChiStoiki (zvinonetsa, kune mienzaniso iri nani).
Zvinhu zvipi zvinotsamira pandiri? Maonero angu, unofanira kuvachengeta; zvishuwo zvangu (zvisarudze kubva mumamiriro angu nemamiriro angu); zvandisingakwanisi (ndizvizive).

Zvinhu zvipi zvisingatsamiri patiri? Mafungiro ane vamwe kwatiri, rudo rwevamwe; uye kubudirira kwevamwe.

Musiyano 1: Kusagutsikana kwaSapiens kunobva mukudzikisira kwezvinhu, nekuti zvinongoonekwa kuburikidza neprism. Nechikonzero ichi, inokurudzira kubatanidza maprisms akasiyana echinhu chekudzidza kuti unzwisise zviri nani kuoma kwayo uye nekudaro kuita zvirinani. Kufunga kwakadzama kunozvarwa kubva kune yakajairika kuvimba kune zvinotendwa uye zvisimbiso, kunyanya nekuti iri munguva iyo chikonzero chinotsiva Mwari. Nechikonzero ichi, inoedza kupa huremu hukuru kune kufunga kwedu, nechinangwa chekupedzisira chekuwana rusununguko rwemunhu nekutenda kwemamiriro ake ezvinhu.

Musiyano 2: kufunga kwakadzama kunoedza kusvika pachokwadi chezvainodzidza kuburikidza nekunyatsoongorora mapokana. Izvi zvese zviri zviviri deductive (logic) uye inductive (kutarisa) ongororo. Sapiens anoedza kusvika kune chokwadi chezvaanodzidza kuburikidza nekubatana kwezivo uye, nekuda kweizvi, anoita nzira dzake shanu.

Musiyano 3: Kunyangwe kune nzira dzeSapiens dziripo mukufunga kwakadzama (semuenzaniso, mukuenzanisa kwechinhu chekudzidza nezvimwe zvakafanana kusiyanisa zvinoreva zvakanaka), Sapiens anoenderera mberi. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti, pamusoro pekuva nemafungiro uye kufunga kwakadzama, nzira yeSapiens inobvumira kuti chinhu chekudzidza chiiswe maererano nese (systems theory) nekuda kwechizvarwa chezvikamu zvinofambisa kunzwisisa. Kufunga kwakadzama, kune rumwe rutivi, kunopedza zvakanyanya kubva pamaonero ane musoro nekuongororwa kwenharo nenzvimbo, kudzivirira kufungidzira kukakavara kwekuwedzera kana nhema.

Musiyano 4: Sapiens inoodha ruzivo uye inotibatsira kutsvaga nekunzwisisa chinhu chekudzidza kuburikidza nemakabhati, masherufu nemadhirowa, asi haipe kana kuburitsa ruzivo, nepo kufunga kwakadzama kunosimbisa ruzivo uye ruzivo kuti tive nechokwadi chechimwe nechimwe cheizvi.