Zeziphi iindawo eziphambili ze-epistemological?

Ngokwenkolelo yokwazi

I-Dogmatism
Ukuthandabuza
I-subjectivism kunye ne-relativism
Pragmatism
Ukugxeka okanye ukucinga nzulu

Ngokokuzithemba kwakho kwimvelaphi yolwazi:

Ukuba nengqiqo
Ubukhosi
Intellectualism (amava kunye nokucinga)
I-priori
Izisombululo ze-Pre-Metaphysical: I-Objectivism kunye ne-Subjectivism
Izisombululo ze-Metaphysical: Ukwenyani, i-Idealism, i-Materialism, kunye ne-Phenomenalism
Izisombululo zezakwalizwi: iMonism kunye neTheistic Dualism
Ulwakhiwo kunye ne-poststructuralism

Yeyiphi imithombo yokuzuza ulwazi?

Ngokutsho kweStandford Encyclopedia:

Ukuqonda
Ukuzazisa
Memoria
Isizathu
Ubungqina

Zeziphi ezona zithethe ziphambili ze-epistemological?

Ngokutsho kwe-Oxford Manual ye-Epistemology:

El ubungaphakathi yithisisi yokuba akukho nyaniso malunga nehlabathi inokubonelela ngezizathu zesenzo ngaphandle kweminqweno kunye neenkolelo.

Isiseko: Sisikhundla esikhusela ukuba kukho izinto ezithethelelekayo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuzithethelela ngobudlelwane bazo nenye into. Le siseko inokuba ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kwe-radical ngokwentembeko yale nto ukuba ukuba iyathethelela "ngokwayo".
Ukuthembeka: Ithiyori yolwazi enokuthenjwa ngokubanzi malunga noku kulandelayo: Kuyaziwa ukuba u-p (p umele nasiphi na isindululo, umzekelo, ukuba isibhakabhaka siluhlaza) ukuba kwaye kuphela ukuba u-p uyinyani, kukholelwa ukuba u-p uyinyani kwaye ufike kwinkolelo yokuba uhamba ngenkqubo ethile ethembekileyo.
I-Epistemology yokulunga: Ulwazi lwenzeka ukuba sinezidima ezaneleyo zobukrelekrele ezisivumela ukuba siphumelele okanye sisondele kulo.

El ngaphandle Yithisisi yokuba izizathu kufuneka zichongwe ngeempawu ezinenjongo zehlabathi.

Ukumanyana: Lo mbono ubonisa ukuba ukuthethelelwa kwayo nayiphi na inkolelo kuxhomekeke kwinkolelo yokuba nenkxaso enokuthenjwa evela kwenye inkolelo ngobudlelwane obubambeneyo obufana nonxulumano oludibanisayo okanye oluchazayo. Uguqulelo olunempembelelo lwangoku lwe-epistemic coherentism luqinisekisa ukuba ubudlelwane bobungqina bokuhambelana phakathi kweenkolelo ngokuqhelekileyo bubudlelwane obucacisayo. Ingcamango eqhelekileyo kukuba inkolelo ilungile kuwe nje ukuba ichaza ngcono, okanye icaciswe ngcono lilungu elithile lenkqubo yenkolelo enamandla amakhulu okuchaza kuwe. Contemporary epistemic coherentism iphelele; fumana owona mthombo wokugwetyelwa kwinkqubo yenkolelo edibeneyo okanye iinkolelo ezinokubakho.
Ukujonga imeko: Ubume bomxholo buchaza ingqokelela yeembono kwifilosofi ezigxininisa umxholo apho intshukumo, intetho, okanye intetho yenzeka, kwaye ixoxa ukuba, ngandlela ithile ebalulekileyo, isenzo, intetho, okanye intetho inokuqondwa kuphela ngokunxulumene naloo mxholo. Iimbono zomxholo zibambe ukuba iikhonsepthi zentanda-bulumko eziphikisanayo ezinje ngokuba "yintoni ethethwa nguP", "yazi ukuba uP", "unesizathu sika-A" kwaye mhlawumbi nokuba "yinyani" okanye "yinyani" inentsingiselo kuphela ngokunxulumene nomxholo othile. Ezinye iintanda-bulumko ziphikisa ngelithi ukuxhomekeka kumxholo kunokukhokelela kwirelativism; nangona kunjalo, iimbono zomxholo ziya zithandwa ngakumbi ngaphakathi kwefilosofi.
Ubume bendalo: Igama elithi naturalism (elisuka kwisiLatini naturalis) lisetyenziselwa ukubiza imisinga yefilosofi eqwalasela indalo njengomgaqo wento yonke eyinyani. Yinkqubo yefilosofi kunye nenkolelo ebamba ukuba akukho nto ngaphandle kwendalo, amandla, kunye nezizathu zolo hlobo olufundwa yinzululwazi yendalo; Ezi zinto zikhona ukuze kuqondwe indawo esingqongileyo ebonakalayo.

Pragmatism: I-Pragmatism yokutshintsha iqinisekisa ukuba lilize kunye nokusebenziseka kweenkxalabo zefilosofi malunga nokuba ihlabathi linjani ngokwenene (kunye nenyaniso ecacileyo) kwaye icebisa ngokubaluleka kwefilosofi yento eyinzuzo, enenzuzo, okanye eluncedo. Ekubeni iinkolelo eziluncedo zisenokuba bubuxoki yaye ke ngoko zingakumeli oko ihlabathi likuko ngokwenene, umnqweno weenkolelo eziluncedo ngokuzenzekelayo awungomnqweno weenkolelo ezimela oko ihlabathi likuko ngokwenene. Ukutshintshwa kwepragmatism kuthetha ukuba isiphakamiso samkelekile kuthi ukuba kwaye kuphela ukuba asinjalo. iluncedo, oko kukuthi, kuluncedo kuthi ukwamkela isiphakamiso.

Siphi isindululo sikaSapiens phakathi kwezikhundla ze-epistemological?

Isindululo sikaSapiens siqwalasela ukuba ulwazi lusuka ekuqondweni kwezinto, kwaye luqondwa ngokuqhagamshela ulwazi olwahlukileyo nolwazi oluthembekileyo.
KwiSapiens, ulwazi kukuqonda ii-whys, oko kukuthi, ukuqonda into esifuna ukuyiqonda kubudlelwane kunye noqhagamshelwano lwale nto kunye nezinye izinto, kunye nesikhundla esikuyo kwiinkqubo ezingaphantsi, iinkqubo kunye ne-suprasystems.
Ulwazi lwe-whys, ngokweethiyori ezamkelwa kakhulu ze-epistemology, kulwazi lwe "into", kulwazi lwesiphakamiso.
Ukuthetheleleka kweSapiens kwinkcazo yakhe yolwazi njengokuqonda ukuba kutheni kufuneka kuqale, ke ngoko, ukusuka kwingcaciso yokubaluleka koku kuqonda xa kuthelekiswa nolunye ulwazi olucetywayo.
Isindululo esishwankathelweyo sokugwetyelwa kweSapiens: ulwazi njengokuqonda luzisa kunye iindlela ezahlukeneyo zolwazi lwesindululo, ngokubanzi hayi nje ulwazi, kodwa umgangatho ophuma kuqhagamshelo lwe:
‍
- Yintoni into nganye (i-semantic-conceptual)
Yintoni enye into efanayo okanye enxulumene nayo (indlela yokuthelekisa)
- Zeziphi iindidi zento nganye (umfaneleko)
-Iphi into nganye (ukongeza kubudlelwane bayo bendawo)
- Yakheka nini kwaye njani into nganye (indlela yembali).

Ngale ndlela, siyaqonda ukuba ulwazi njengokuqonda lubandakanya zonke ezi zindululo zolwazi ukuzinxulumanisa nokuqonda izizathu zezinto.
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Umzekelo: Ukuba sibuyela kumadada, siya kusiqonda isizathu sokuba idada libe nencasa njengoko lisenza xa silitya ukuba siyaziqonda iindidi ngeendidi zamadada, aphila njani, atya ntoni, afuduka nini kwaye oku kuwachaphazela njani, njl. . Lonke olu lwazi okanye ulwazi luya kudityaniswa ukwenza ulwazi olutsha malunga nokuba kutheni idada lingcamla ngendlela elenza ngayo.

iindawo ezahlukeneyo ze-epistemological ekuthetheleleni ulwazi

Kwitheyibhile yoluhlu lwemigangatho sisebenzise iindidi ezintathu zemibala kwicandelo ngalinye: tyheli malunga nento enento yokwenza ngqo nesindululo seSapiens, umbala "wenyama" waloo macandelo anendawo ethile enxulumene nesikhundla seSapiens, kunye namhlophe abo benzayo. ayihambelani nendawo ye-Sapiens posture.
Siqale ngokuseka iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili zolwazi, ngokwe-epistemology: i ulwazi oluphangaleleyo (yazi yintoni, phi, nini, kutheni), ulwazi ngokusondela okanye ukuqonda (Ndiyazi umhlobo wam ngokobuqu kwaye ndiyazi isixeko saseParis kuba ndihlala khona), kunye nolwazi lwendlela yokwenza into.
Sijolise ingqalelo yethu kulwazi lwesiphakamiso kuba ayilulo kuphela oluxhaphakileyo, kodwa apho uninzi lwe-epistemology luphuhla khona. Ngaphaya koko, kukolu hlobo lolwazi apho isindululo seSapiens siyakuqala ukusuka.
Nje ukuba sehlele kwiintlobo ezimbini zolwazi lwesiphakamiso ngokokuqinisekiswa kwazo, siye saphuhlisa inxalenye ngokwamandla, oko kukuthi, lowo ungqinwe ngokuyinxenye okanye ngokupheleleyo ngamava.
Ukuthethelela into esiyibonayo kwaye siyiqaphele kumava, kukho imisinga ye-epistemological eyahlukeneyo enokuthi ihlelwe ngaphakathi kunye nangaphandle. I-Internalism ithathela ingqalelo ukuba ulwazi luthetheleleka ngeenkolelo okanye iinkolelo zesifundo esicingayo, ngelixa i-externalism ithathela ingqalelo into yokuba / ukuqinisekiswa kufumaneka kumba wangaphandle.
Ulwazi njengokuqonda kweSapiens lujonga ukuba yonke into idityanisiwe ukuze, ukuqonda into ethile, ibekwe ngokupheleleyo kumbono opheleleyo. Ngenxa yolu kuthembeka kumbono opheleleyo kunye nokudityaniswa kwamacandelo njengomthombo wolwazi, sibeke indawo IiSapiens ngaphakathi kwemisinga yangaphandle.
Ngaphakathi kwangaphandle sifumana:
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a) ithiyori ye-epistemic yokuhambelana, eqwalasela ukuba lonke ulwazi lunokuqondwa njengoluyinyani ngokuthetheleleka kwalo (uhlobo lobudlelwane) nolunye ulwazi oluthathwa njengoluyinyaniso. Le thiyori i-tyheli kuba ikhusela isikhundla seSapiens sokuba yonke into iqhagamshelwe kwaye, ekuqondeni ubudlelwane, siya kuvelisa ulwazi. Umzekelo: Ndiya kuqonda kwaye ndithembe ulwazi lokuba uMhlaba awusicaba ukuba ndiyithathela ingqalelo ithiyori yomxhuzulane kunye nokusasazwa kweeplanethi njengenyani.
b) Siyibekile i imeko emthubi kuba ithathela ingqalelo ukuba indawo yokwazi ukuba into iyinyani okanye ayinikwa kumxholo ngamnye, ehambelana nombono weSapiens. Ngokutsho kweSapiens, umsebenzi ngamnye kunye nomsebenzi wezoqoqosho uya kuba nolwazi oluthile lwento eya kuphawulwa kakhulu ngumxholo.
c) Indlela yokugqibela, yendalo, icinga ukuba yindalo kuphela egqalwa njengeyinyaniso. Siluthathele ngaphandle olu khetho kuba iSapiens isahlula ngokucacileyo indalo ebantwini nakwinto eyenziwa ngabantu.
Isikhundla sokugqibela apho sinokuchonga khona ulwazi lweSapiens pragmatism, ngokolwazi oluya kuqwalaselwa / lugwetyelwe ngolo hlobo ukuba le nkolelo iluncedo kubomi obusebenzayo. Oku, sikholelwa ukuba inokuba yinxalenye yeSapiens kuba, kude nokungena kwiingxoxo kunye nabathandabuzayo abanokuthi bathandabuze yonke into, ikhetha ukunika indlela yokwenza enceda ukuqonda ukwenza ngcono.

Iphi iSapiens eyijonga njengemithombo yolwazi?

- Uqhagamshelwano lwamalungu enza iinkqubo
- Ukuqonda
- Ukuhlola
- Inkumbulo
- Isizathu
- Ubungqina

Ithini imbono yeSapiens ngokuzithemba kwabo kulwazi?

Ukucinga okugwenxa

Indlela yokusebenza yeSapiens ibonakalisa ukusondela okumangalisayo ekucingeni okunzulu. Zombini ezi zikhundla zisekelwe kwimfuno yokubuza ubume bexesha kwaye senze oko ngokungavumelani noko sixelelwa ukuba yinyani kunye nolwazi. Ukwanelisa oku kungavumelani, bobabini baxhotyiswe ngezixhobo ezibavumela ukuba bahambe ngaphaya koko kwaziwayo, bevelisa umxholo omtsha wokuqonda.

Ukungavisisani kokuqala kukaSapiens kuvela kwinkolelo yakhe yokuba yonke into iqhagamshelwe kwaye, ke ngoko, asinakwazi nto kwiprism enye (njengoko ifakwe kuluntu lwanamhlanje lobungcali) kodwa kuyafuneka ukuqonda izinto ngokwembono epheleleyo . Ukungavumelani okwesibini apho asebenzisa ukucinga okucacileyo yenye yezona ngxaki zinzima kuluntu lwanamhlanje: i-post-truth kunye ne-infoxication. U-Sapiens wazalwa ngale ndlela ukunika isixhobo esiququzelela ukuqonda kwabantu, ukubahlukanisa nombono olula wento yabo yokufunda kunye nehlabathi ngokubanzi.

Ngoko sinokuqonda ukuba iSapiens izoba kuzo zombini ithiyori yenkqubo kunye nokucinga okunzulu, kuba isebenzisa eyokuqala ukunika indlela eyesibini. Ngamanye amazwi, iSapiens ifuna ukwandisa ukuqonda kwethu ubunyani ngaphandle kokwamkela oko kunikwa ngumxholo wethu (inkuthazo efanayo nokucinga okuphangaleleyo) kwaye oku, iphakamisa iindlela ezintlanu ezisivumelayo indlela yokufikelela kulwazi lwento yokufunda ngokunxulumene. kwezinye izinto, ezenkqubo yakho kunye nezinye iinkqubo (ithiyori yeenkqubo).

Emva kokwenza uphononongo lokucinga nzulu, sinokushwankathela ukuba indlela yokusebenza ye-Sapiens ixhomekeke kolu hlobo lokucinga (kunye namandla) kule miba ilandelayo:

Zombini ziqala kwintshukumisa efanayo: ukungathembi ulwazi kunye nolwazi, amabhongo okusondela kwinyani / ukuqonda.
Isikhundla sawo sikwenye imfundiso egabadeleyo, njengoko efuna ukuziphelisa.
Zombini ezi zindululo zikubona kubalulekile ukuzibuza ngomntu ozaziyo ngokuzihlalutya.
Zombini zinenjongo esebenzayo, zifuna ukusombulula iingxaki, ukuchasana nokwenza ngcono.

Ngokusuka kolu ludityaniso lwezinto ezifanayo nomahluko singaqukumbela ngokuthi Indlela yeSapiens kunye nokucinga okuphangaleleyo kuyahambelana, ekubeni benemiba eyahlukahlukeneyo yengqondo yaye bejamelene nenkxalabo efanayo: ukuqonda izinto kakuhle nokwenza ngokukhululekileyo kwiimfundiso.

Pragmatism

Ukucinga okubalulekileyo kusikhokelela kwi-pragmatism, ingcamango yefilosofi ngokubhekiselele kuyo kuphela indlela yokugweba inyaniso yemfundiso yokuziphatha, intlalo, inkolo okanye isayensi kukuqwalasela imiphumo yayo ephathekayo.

Ngenxa yokuba i-Sapiens ifuna ukunceda, ukukhokela kunye nokukhokela ii-SME kunye nabantu kwindlela yabo yokuqonda into abayifundayo kwaye, ekubeni inkxalabo yabo ikukuphucula uluntu ngokuba luncedo kwindlela yabo yokusebenza, sinokuqwalasela ukusondelana nefilosofi yepragmatic.

Ulwakhiwo

Ithiyori kunye nendlela esekwe kucazululo lweenyani zoluntu njengezakhiwo ezinokuthi zibe semthethweni.

Xa uphanda into, i-structuralism presupposes ukuqhubela phambili ukusuka kumbutho ophambili weenyaniso ezibonwayo kwisakhelo somsebenzi wophando malunga nokucaciswa kunye nenkcazo yesakhiwo sangaphakathi sento (i-hierarchy yayo kunye nokudibanisa phakathi kwezinto zenqanaba ngalinye) kunye , emva koko, ngokubhekisele ekudalweni kwemodeli yethiyori yento.

I-Sapiens ibonisa ukulinganisa kunye nale ndlela yokuba inika ingqwalasela enkulu kubudlelwane phakathi kwamacandelo esakhiwo ukuze ichaze kwaye, kule nkqubo, izama ukucwangcisa amacandelo kunye nesakhiwo kwi-taxonomies.

Sithini imbono kaSapiens ngokuphathelele intembelo yabo kwimvelaphi yolwazi?

Ulwakhiwo

I-poststructuralism

I-post-structuralism yinto yangoku yengcamango yesiFrentshi eyavela kwisiqingatha sesibini sekhulu lama-XNUMX kwaye iqukwa ngokubanzi kwi-postmodernism. Iyavuma ukuba yonke into esinokuyazi yakhiwe ngemiqondiso, kodwa iqinisekisa ukuba akukho ntsingiselo yangaphakathi, kodwa ukuba yonke intsingiselo yesicatshulwa kunye nesicatshulwa.

(Ukusuka kwi-Sapiens): I-Poststructuralism ifuna ukucwangciswa kolwazi ngendlela eqhekekileyo kwizigaba kunye neengqimba. I-Sapiens ikwafuna ukuodolwa okufanayo. Ngokubhekiselele kwiindlela eziphathekayo, ukuchithwa kwe-poststructuralism ekuqaleni kuphakamisa iitekisi, i-elBullirestaurante sele idlulisele ekhitshini. NgeSapiens ingcamango efanayo ibandakanyiwe kwindlela yophando. Imalunga nokuqhekeza kungekuphela nje iitekisi, kodwa kunye neekhonsepthi, kodwa ukuzihlalutya ngokupheleleyo.

Inkqubo yokucinga

Iinkqubo zokucinga yindlela yokuhlalutya evavanya zonke iinxalenye ezihambelanayo kwaye ziphinde zenze imeko de kufike ukuqonda okukhulu kweziganeko kwaye kutheni.

Ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokucinga, zonke iinxalenye zayo ziyafundwa. Luhlobo lokucinga oludla ngokusetyenziswa kwizifundo zenzululwazi, ubunjineli kunye nolawulo lweshishini, phakathi kwezinye, njengendlela yokusombulula ingxaki okanye imeko.

Ithiyori yeenkqubo apho iSapiens ithembele kuyo, kunye nolwakhiwo, yimisinga emibini ehambelanayo kwindawo elungileyo yemixholo yazo. Kumbuzo osikhathazayo (ukuzithemba kulwazi lweSapiens) sinokuchaza ukuba zombini i-structuralism kunye nethiyori yeenkqubo ziqwalasela ukuba ulwazi luveliswa njengesiphumo sezinto ezikhethekileyo zesakhiwo okanye inkqubo nganye.

Isikhundla sikaSapiens silumkile ngokubhekiselele kukuzithemba okunikwa ulwazi, kodwa ngaphandle kokuwela ekukhanyeni okanye ukuhambelana kwayo. Kwi-Sapiens, ulwazi luya kwahluka kwindawo nganye (iinkqubo) kwaye, njengoko yonke into idityaniswe kwaye ichaphazeleke kwezinye iindawo, ulwazi lwendawo nganye luya kuchaphazela ezinye iindawo zaloo ndawo, kunye nezo zibandakanyiweyo kwezinye iindawo. imimandla ye-megasystem.

Injongo

I-Sapiens inika ulwazi ngokwahlukileyo ngokwe-prism, oko kukuthi, umntu ngamnye uya kuba nakho ukuphuhlisa ngokomxholo kunye nemeko yolwazi olwahlukileyo malunga nento enye. Kukho ukwamkelwa ukuba ulwazi luhlulwe kwiiprism ezahlukeneyo kwaye, ngoko ke, kuya kufuneka sisondele kuyo ukusuka kunxibelelwano lwamacandelo kunye neeprism.

Oko kukuthi, i-Sapiens ikholelwa ukuba, nangona kukho iiprisms ezahlukeneyo zokubona ubunyani, ulwazi alupheleli kwinyani yesifundo owaziyo, kodwa ngokuchanekileyo uxhulumaniso lwezi prism ezahlukeneyo lunokuqikelela inyaniso enkulu (nangona ingekho ngokupheleleyo).

Iphi i-Sapiens phakathi kwezi zizathu ze-epistemological?

Le mephu yengqikelelo ijolise ekuvezeni uqikelelo lweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlela iintlobo zolwazi ukwenza kubonakale iindawo apho indlela yokusebenza yeSapiens isekelwe khona.

Ukuhlelwa kokuqala kungokwento eyaziwayo, apho sifumana iindidi ezintathu eziphambili: ulwazi ngokusondelana okanye ukusondelana (ukudibana nomhlobo), ulwazi lwendlela yokwenza into (ukwazi / ukwazi ukwenza umChile), kunye nolwazi lwesiphakamiso ( ukwazi malunga nolwazi, ithiyori, njl.njl). Le yokugqibela yile ithatha ukubaluleka kokubini kwi-epistemology kunye nakwiSapiens.
Ngaphakathi kolwazi lwesindululo sifumana ulwazi ngohlobo lwento eyiyo, injani, yintoni, iphi, nini, ingakanani kwaye kutheni injalo. Ngaphakathi kweli qela elikhulu, siye sahlula isiphakamiso Sapiens, leyo, nangona ulwazi propositional, sicinga ukuba ubunzima bayo ivumela ukuba umahluko othile.
Ngokweengcamango ezahlukeneyo eziye zanikwa ulwazi lwesiphakamiso, sifumana iindlela ezintathu zokwahlula: ngokokuzithemba kulwazi ngokwalo, ngokwentembeko kwimithombo yolwazi, nangokwezizathu eziyimfuneko zokuqinisekisa ulwazi.
Ngokokuzithemba kulwazi, i-Sapiens icinga ngokucokisekileyo, ekubeni ikholelwa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukwazi, kodwa isoloko ibuza imithombo kunye nomxholo wolwazi, okuvumela ukuba angaweli kwi-dogmatism. Sikwafumana inkxaso kwiSapiens, nangona imodareyitha ngakumbi kwipragmatism.
Ngokutsho kokuzithemba kwimvelaphi yolwazi, sicinga ukuba iSapiens kwelinye icala iboleka indlela yeCartesian ngenxa yamathandabuzo asisigxina kodwa kungekhona ingqiqo, ekubeni ikholelwa ukuba ulwazi lunokunikezelwa ngezinye iindlela ngaphandle kwesizathu (umbono, umzekelo). Eminye imisinga apho indlela yethu yokusebenza isekwe phezu kwayo kulwakhiwo kunye ne-poststructuralism. Ukongeza, i-Sapiens ikholelwa ukuba, nangona kukho iiprism ezahlukeneyo zokubona ubunyani, ulwazi alupheleli kwinyani yesifundo esiyaziyo, kodwa ngokuchanekileyo unxibelelwano lwezi prisms zahlukeneyo lunokuqikelela inyaniso enkulu (nangona ingekho ngokupheleleyo) . Ngesi sizathu siphawule nge-objectivism emthubi. Okokugqibela, siqwalasela ukuba umbono kaSapiens ngokwembono yemetaphysical uyavumelana nokuthanda izinto eziphathekayo, kuba ithembela kubukho bemiba ngaphandle kobukho bomntu, njengoko sibona kwisindululo sakhe se-megasystem.
Ngokweepistemological justifications ezifunekayo ukuze kungqinwe ulwazi, siqwalasela ukuba kukho izikhundla ezahlukeneyo ezihambelanayo apho indlela yethu yokusebenza yakhiwe khona. Kwindawo yokuqala, ilandela ithiyori yokuhambelana kwezinto zangaphandle kuba ithathela ingqalelo ukuba ulwazi lwakhiwe kubudlelwane (ukuhambelana) phakathi kwamacandelo e-megasystem (yangaphandle kumxholo). Okwesibini, olu lwakhiwo lolwazi luya kuxhomekeka kumxholo wesifundo sokwazi kunye nomzuzu wembali apho into ifundwa khona. Okokugqibela, iSapiens inendlela esondeleyo kwi-epistemology of virtue, kuba ikubona kubalulekile ukudibanisa iimpawu zengqondo ukwazi ukuba siqonda njani. Sibonise ngetyheli ipragmatism njengoko into eluncedo eyenziwa yiSapiens kwisicelo sayo yindlela yokuthethelela ulwazi oludityanisiweyo oluvelisayo.
Ngokufanayo, sifuna ukwenza kubonakale ukuba i-Sapiens inentembelo kuyo yonke imithombo enokubakho ecetywayo kwi-epistemology ukuphumeza ulwazi, apho isizathu sigqama njengendlela yokudibanisa ulwazi kunye nokuhlola ngokuzihlalutya).
Okokugqibela, siye sahlula ukuba i-Sapiens isebenzela ukuqonda ihlabathi langaphandle kwaye, ngenxa yoku, ibona kuyimfuneko ukuzihlalutya njengokwazi izifundo ezisivumela ukuba sizazi.

Ingaba isikhundla sikaSapiens sithetheleleka njani? Ukuzikhusela kwizigxeko ze-epistemological:

Ukuchaswa kokubekwa wedwa (ngokuchasene nokuhambelana tª)

Ukuqonda njengomthombo wolwazi oluphuma kunxibelelwano lolwazi kunye nolwazi (esiluthatha njengenyani okanye oluthembekileyo) kukuthetheleleka okuhambelanayo. Lo mkhwa ubekho kwaye unokugxekwa ngokusekelwe kwinkcaso yodwa, esinokuyishwankathela ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: uxhulumaniso lolwazi ukuvelisa olunye ulwazi lunokuvelisa umxholo omningi ongenalo ulungelelwaniso lokwenene. Umzekelo: ukuba ndiyakholelwa ukuba iLanga lijikeleza uMhlaba njengoko kwakukholelwa kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ezidlulileyo, kwaye ukusuka apha ndakha umfanekiso wendalo yonke ekudibaniseni ulwazi, ndiya kuba ndakha intsomi yolwazi kude nenyani.

Ukoyisa oku, iSapiens kufuneka yamkele kwaye ibhengeze (njengoko sele isenza) ukuba icandelo layo lokufunda alisiyo inzululwazi okanye intanda-bulumko, nangona ixhomekeke kwezi nkalo zolwazi. Ngesi sizathu, injongo yayo kukunceda ukuqonda ukwenza ngcono, ngaphandle kokungena kwiingxoxo ze-epistemological malunga nemvelaphi yokugwetyelwa. Oko kukuthi, igcina ukuhambelana ngokwamkela ngaphezu kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali olungqongqo (yonke into ixhunyiwe, umbono opheleleyo, ulwazi lunokuqondwa, njl. njl.) oluphepha ukugxekwa ngokupheleleyo.

Relativism (ngokuchasene neemeko)

Isikhundla sikaSapiens sithobeke ngakumbi ngokwengqondo kuneethiyori ezinkulu zefilosofi, kwaye wanelisekile kukwamkela ukuba umxholo uyalela intsingiselo yamagama (ingxoxo exhaswa ngamandla yintanda-bulumko). Le meko inokuchazwa njenge "relativistic", kuba mhlawumbi ingatolikwa ngendlela engeyiyo ukuthi ngokubonisa ukuba itumato yahlukile kumlimi kunokuba, kwingcali yezoqoqosho, isenza sithandabuze ukuba ikho itumato.

Kodwa oku kugxekwa akwenzi ubulungisa kwi-Sapiens, ehamba ngaphaya koku kwaye ngokuchanekileyo ukusuka ekuthobekeni kwayo kuthathela ingqalelo ukuba kukho ulwazi, ukuba sinokuqondwa ukuba sithathela ingqalelo iiprisms ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ngaphezu kwayo yonke le nto inentsingiselo: ukusebenza enkosi ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo.

Ukuthandabuza (nxamnye neenjongo)

Kuya kuhlala kukho abo bathandabuzayo banokuthandabuza i-Sapiens, kuba baya kuthandabuza ukuba ulwazi olutsha lunokuveliswa kunxibelelwano, okanye baya kuthandabuza ukuqinisekiswa kweendlela. Kodwa ezi zigxeko akufanele zithathe ixesha lethu ekubeni ukuthobeka kwizikhundla zeSapiens esiye sabonisa ngaphambili kusivumela ukuba iingxabano kunye nolu hlobo lwabantu luphumelele: ulwazi njengonxibelelwano luyamkelwa ngokubanzi, njengokuthembeka kweendlela. . Bendiya kuphela ukuphendula le ukugxekwa kulandelayo: Ubonisa njani ukuba ezi ndlela zintlanu ziyaphelelisana kakuhle? Impendulo yepragmatic ilula: Zizame kwaye wonwabele ukuqonda okulula okuphunyeziweyo ngenxa yendlela yokusebenza!

Udibaniso: Kutheni iSapiens isemthethweni?

ISapiens yindlela enceda ukuqonda ngokudibanisa ulwazi. Ukwenza oku, kuxhomekeke kwiingqikelelo ezahlukeneyo ze-epistemic ezinika ukomelela kunye nokuhambelana. Kolu ludibaniso siza kuveza iingcamango eziphambili ezifundwayo (ezibhalwe ngqindilili), kunye nezizathu ze-epistemological ezinika indlela ye-Sapiens ukuhambelana kwe-epistemological.

Kukho ithuba lokwazi kwaye, ukwenza ngokufanelekileyo, kufuneka siqonde izizathu zento esiyaziyo.

Ulungelelwaniso 1) Ukucinga okubalulekileyo, okukhuthaza ukubuza yonke into esiyaziyo ukucokisa ulwazi lwethu ngokuziqonda thina kunye nomxholo wethu. Iyakuphepha ukuwela kwirelativism, kanye njengokuba isusa inkolelo, ekubeni ukuma kwayo kufuna ukuthethelelwa koko kwaziwayo.

Ulungelelaniso 2) Intandabuzo yeCartesian: ukungamkeli nantoni na njengesebenzayo ngaphandle koko sinokuqinisekisa ngokusengqiqweni. I-Sapiens isebenzisa isizathu njengendlela yokuqonda, kuba yiyo le ivumela uxhulumaniso kunye nobudlelwane bolwazi, ulwazi, iinyani, njl.
Sinokulazi ihlabathi kwaye sizazi ngokwethu. Ngalunye kolu lwazi luququzelela ukuqondana kolunye.

J) Ukususela kuDescartes, inkoliso yezithandi zobulumko iye yakholelwa ekubeni ulwazi ngeemeko zethu zengqondo lwahluke ngokuphawulekayo kulwazi lwethu lwehlabathi langaphandle. Ukuze singanandisi uluhlu lweentanda-bulumko ezidumileyo ezixhasa kungekuphela nje ukwahlulwa kolu lwazi kodwa ukuphindaphindana kwazo zombini, makhe sibonise kwi-Rationalist Descartes, i-empiricist Locke okanye i-utilitarian JS Mill.
Zonke izinto ziqhagamshelene, ziyinxalenye yoBuphelele.

J) Ukusuka kwi-Heraclitus, i-Spinoza ukuya kuninzi lweethiyori kunye nemisinga yangoku, kubandakanywa ithiyori ye-Einstein yobudlelwane, okanye ifilosofi ye-AN Whitehead yenkqubo.
Ukuqonda ngokuqaphela, ukwazi ukufunda nokulawula ukufunda ngokwako, kusivumela ukuba sikhululeke.

J) Umnqweno wokuKhanya ukwazi ngengqiqo wawungeyonto enye ngaphandle kokukhangela inkululeko, ukukhangela ukuzimela kwengqondo okuya kusivumela ukuba simke kwiimfundiso (ngokukodwa ezenkolo). Eli bhongo lishwankathelwa kwisimo sengqondo esigxekayo esibonakala ngokucacileyo kwifilosofi egxekayo kaKant
Into ebalulekileyo asikokwazi okuninzi, kodwa kukwazi ukukhetha ulwazi oluyimfuneko ukuze ukwazi ukwenza kakuhle.

J) I-Pragmatism: ukubaluleka kolwazi kuya kunikwa ngosetyenziso olusebenzayo olukuvumelayo olu lwazi.
Into enye inokuba neentsingiselo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ngexesha elinye, kuxhomekeke kubani, ngokwembono.

J1) Ubume bemeko. Umongo esiphila kuwo ubeka ulwazi lwethu, ukuthatha ukubaluleka kokusingqongileyo, inkcubeko yangoku, njl njl.

J2) Umbono. Iimeko zomntu (into esingayikhethiyo kunye nento esiqulunqa ngayo) inquma ukuba singobani kwaye oku kugqiba indawo esazi kuyo. Ortega y Gasset
Sinokwazi ngokudibanisa ulwazi, idatha, iinyani kunye nolwazi.

J) Ithiyori yokuhambelana ithathela ingqalelo ukuba sinokuthethelela ulwazi oluthile ukuba sibonisa ubudlelwane bokuhambelana oku kunye nolunye ulwazi oluthathwa njengenyani kwaye lufanelekile.
Ulwazi lwee-whys (ukuqonda) luyohluka kulwazi luphela ngenxa yokubaluleka kwalo malunga "nokuqinisekiswa".

J) Intanda-bulumko ngokubanzi, kunye nokucinga okuhlalutya ngokukodwa kunye nentanda-bulumko ehlalutyayo, ithethelela ukubaluleka iSapiens ikunika ulwazi lokuba kutheni, ekubeni iluthathela ingqalelo olo lwazi luya kuba nexabiso ukuba kwaye kuphela ukuba luye lwathetheleleka, ukuphepha ukukholelwa into ephosakeleyo.
Sinokuyithethelela into esiyaziyo ukuba sibeka esikuqondayo ngokwembono epheleleyo, kubudlelwane bayo nayo yonke.

J1) Ulwakhiwo kunye ne-poststructuralism.

J2) Ukucinga ngenkqubo.
Sinokuqonda umbulelo kwiindlela ezintlanu zeSapiens.

J) Intetho ngendlela yeDescartes, sinokwazi kuphela kwaye singqine into esiyaziyo ngokusebenzisa indlela.
Imithombo yolwazi esebenzayo ngamava, ukuzihlola, inkumbulo kunye nobungqina esinokuthi siqinisekise ukuqina kwabo kwengqondo.

J) I-Sapiens iyakunqanda ukuzibeka kumthombo omnye wolwazi njengoko ixhomekeke kwimixholo eyahlukeneyo ebambekayo, iqala ngendlela yenzululwazi, eqwalasela ukuba indibaniselwano kunye nokujongana nemithombo ayinakwenzeka kuphela, kodwa iyanqweneleka.