I-Etymologically, imbali ivela kwigama lesiGrike elithetha nje ulwazi kunye nophando. Oko kukuthi, ulwazi olufunyenwe ngophando. Kodwa le ntsingiselo yantlandlolo iye yavela kwintsingiselo yangoku, ebhekisa kulwazi olufunyenwe ngophando malunga neziganeko ezidlulileyo.

Ngokwesichazi-magama se-RAE, imbali lubaliso kunye nokuvezwa kweziganeko ezidlulileyo ezifanele ukukhunjulwa, nokuba kusesidlangalaleni okanye kubucala, okanye luqeqesho olufundayo kwaye lubalise ngokulandelelana iziganeko ezidlulileyo.

Kwelinye icala, i-historiography luqeqesho olujongene nokuphononongwa kwembali, okanye kwakhona ufundo lwebhayibhilografi kunye nokugxeka okubhaliweyo kwimbali kunye nemithombo yayo, kunye nababhali abathe bajongana nale miba. Okokugqibela, i-historiology yithiyori yembali kwaye ngakumbi leyo ifunda ubume, imithetho okanye iimeko zobunyani bembali.

Ngokombono wethu, siya kubiza imbali kwiziganeko ezidlulileyo ngokwazo, i-historiography kufundo lweziganeko ezidlulileyo, kunye ne-historiology kuphononongo lwendlela efundwa ngayo imbali.

Indlela yembali yiseti yeenkqubo ezisetyenziswa ngababhali-mbali ukuphanda iziganeko ezidlulileyo kunye nemithombo ephambili kunye nobunye ubungqina.

Indlela yembali iqala ngenkcazo kunye nokunqunyulwa komxholo wokufunda, ukuqulunqwa kombuzo okanye imibuzo ekufuneka iphendulwe, inkcazo yesicwangciso somsebenzi, kunye nendawo kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwemithombo yamaxwebhu, eyimathiriyeli ekrwada yombhali-mbali. umsebenzi.

Inyathelo elilandelayo luhlalutyo okanye ukugxekwa kwale mithombo. Ngaphakathi komthombo ukugxekwa kukugxekwa kwangaphandle, okwahlulahlulwe kwaba kukugxeka okukhulu kunye nokugxeka okuncinci, kunye nokugxeka kwangaphakathi. Ngamnye uneempawu ezithile.

Ukugxeka kwangaphandle kunomsebenzi wokuphepha ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yobuxoki. Ngoko ke, ngumsebenzi ongalunganga. Inxalenye ebizwa ngokuba kukugxekwa okukhulu, okanye kwakhona ukugxekwa ngokwembali okanye indlela egxekayo ngokwembali, ibandakanya umhla womthombo (indawo ngexesha), indawo esesithubeni somthombo, ubunikazi bomthombo, kunye nemvelaphi yomthombo. imathiriyeli yangaphambili eveliswe kuyo). Inxalenye ebizwa ngokuba kukugxeka okuncinane, okanye kwakhona ukugxeka okubhaliweyo, ijonga ukuthembeka komthombo (imo yantlandlolo eyaveliswa ngayo).

Endaweni yoko, ukugxeka kwangaphakathi kunomsebenzi wokucebisa ukuba imithombo yolwazi kufuneka isetyenziswe njani. Ngoko ke, ngumsebenzi olungileyo. Ngelixa ukugxeka kwangaphandle kugxininiswe kwifom, ukugxeka kwangaphakathi kugxininisekile kwinto. Funda ukuthembeka, ixabiso eliqinisekileyo lomxholo.

Emva kohlalutyo okanye ukugxekwa kwemithombo, inyathelo lokugqibela lendlela yembali kukuveliswa kwesiphumo sokugqibela, esibizwa ngokuba yi-historiographic synthesis. Ibandakanya ukuqulunqwa kunye nokusekwa kweengqikelelo zokutolika ngento ebizwa ngokuba yimbali yokuqiqa.

Kubabhali-mbali, iziganeko zembali ziziganeko zembali ezibangela utshintsho olubaluleke kakhulu, olutshintsha ikhosi yembali, okanye ikhosi yembali echaphazelayo kodwa kunye nemiphumo evakalelwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kwisiphumo sekhonkco.

Akukho ndlela isemgangathweni yokuhlela izigaba zembali, kodwa ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ezinokwenzeka, kwaye isikolo ngasinye sembali yembali okanye umbhali-mbali ngamnye ubeka phambili ezinye iikhrayitheriya okanye ezinye. Kwiincwadi zokwazisa abantu akukho kuhlelwa kwemvumelwano nokuba kunjalo.

Ukusuka kwethu umbono, ezi zezinye zeendlela zokuhlela ezinokubakho zembali:

• Kuxhomekeke ekubeni ichaphazela indalo, abantu okanye into eyenziwa ngabantu, kunye nonxulumano lwabo
• Ngokweendidi zetaxonomic zommandla
• Ngoluhlu lwe-taxonomic yomsebenzi wezoqoqosho
• Ngokweendidi zetaxonomic yomsebenzi
• Ngokweendidi zetaxonomic zoqeqesho
• Ngomgangatho wokuguquguquka kwiinkalo, imisebenzi yezoqoqosho, amacandelo ezoqoqosho okanye imisebenzi
• Ngomgangatho wokuguquguquka kwiiprojekthi ngaphakathi kwemimandla, imisebenzi yezoqoqosho, amacandelo ezoqoqosho okanye imisebenzi
• Ngokwexesha ezenzeke ngalo (xa)
• - Ngamaxesha embali
• - Ngeminyaka yejoloji yoMhlaba
• - Ngamaxesha onyaka
• - Kangangeminyaka
• - Kwiinyanga
• Ngokutsho kwabalinganiswa bayo (aba)
• - Ngomgangatho wentlalo
• - Ngesazisi sobuhlanga
• - Ngobuzwe
• - Ngesazisi sesini
• - Ngokweminyaka yobudala
• - Ngokuzichaza ngokwesondo
• - Ngorhwebo / imisebenzi
• - Ngobudlelwane bobudlelwane
• Ngokwendawo (apho)
• - Ngamazwekazi
• - Ngemimandla yelizwekazi
• - Ngemimandla ye-supranational
• - Ngamazwe
• - Ngemimandla yezopolitiko
• Kuxhomekeke ekubeni zezendalo okanye zenziwe
• Ngokwenqanaba lokusungula izinto ezintsha
• Ngomgangatho wempembelelo
• Ngomgangatho wokubaluleka
• Ngokwenzululwazi okanye hayi
• Ngohlobo lobugcisa obubandakanyekayo
• Ngohlobo lobuchule obubandakanyekayo
• Kuxhomekeke ekubeni baneziphumo ezihle okanye ezimbi:
• - Kuba okusingqongileyo
• - Kubemi bebonke
• - Yeqela elithile lentlalontle
• - Kuphuhliso lwezifundo, imimandla, amacandelo okanye urhwebo
• Kuxhomekeke ekubeni iziphumo zayo zifutshane okanye ixesha elide (ngenqanaba lokuphila ixesha elide)
• Ngokonobangela:
• - Kuba okusingqongileyo
• - Kubemi bebonke
• - Yeqela elithile lentlalontle
• - Kuphuhliso lwezifundo, imimandla, amacandelo okanye urhwebo
• Ngokwesingqisho sotshintsho abaluvelisayo: ngokukhawuleza okanye ngokuthe ngcembe

Ukuba isikhokelo sethiyori sikhethiwe ukuthanda izinto eziphathekayo ngokwembali, iikhrayitheriya nazo zinokwenzeka:

• Ukuba ichaphazela isiseko okanye isakhiwo
• Xa ichaphazela iziseko zophuhliso:
• - Ngohlobo lwemo yemveliso
• - Ngemikhosi yemveliso echaphazelekayo
• - Ngohlobo lwemathiriyeli ekrwada
• -Ngohlobo lobuchwephesha obusetyenziswayo
• - Ngohlobo lobudlelwane boluntu lwemveliso
• Ukuba ichaphazela isakhiwo:
• - Ngohlobo lweengcinga
• - Ngoluhlu lwe-taxonomic yeengcamango

Ukuba i Indlela yeSapiens, ngokusekelwe kwithiyori yeenkqubo

• Ukuba ichaphazela isiseko okanye isakhiwo
• Ngeenkqubo
• Ngenkqubo engaphantsi
• Kuxhomekeke ekubeni i-milestone ivela ngaphandle kwenkqubo okanye ngaphakathi
• Ngokomsebenzi owuzalisekisayo ngaphakathi kwenkqubo okanye inkqubo engaphantsi
• Ngokwenqanaba lempembelelo kwinkqubo

Enye yeekhrayitheriya enokwenzeka yokuhlela amanyathelo abalulekileyo linqanaba lempembelelo okanye ukubaluleka. Ngokuthe ngqo, enye indlela yokuhlela izigaba zembali kungokuba zibangele utshintsho lweparadigm okanye hayi.

Kwincwadi yakhe ethi The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, eyapapashwa ngowe-1962, uThomas Kuhn uthi imbali ingaphezulu kokulandelelana okanye ubalo-maxesha lweziganeko eziqokelelweyo, nokuba ngamanye amaxesha kukho iziganeko ezibangela iinguqu kwezenzululwazi kunye nokutshintsha kweparadigm.

Ku-Kuhn, i-revolution yezenzululwazi sisiqendu sophuhliso olunganyukiyo, apho i-paradigm endala ithathelwe indawo ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye yi-paradigm entsha engahambelaniyo.

Inokuthelekiswa noguquko lwezopolitiko, olukwathetha umzuzwana wokuqhekeka phakathi kwemeko endala kunye nemeko entsha, kwaye ngoko ke ukutshintshwa kwemeko endala yimeko entsha engahambelaniyo.

Kwi-Kuhn, ii-paradigms zibonwa kwihlabathi jikelele ukufezekiswa kwesayensi okubonelela ngemizekelo yeengxaki kunye nezisombululo kuluntu lwezenzululwazi okwethutyana. Oko kukuthi, ukucandwa kwebala lokudlala kunye nemithetho yomdlalo.