Ngokwe-etymologically, umlando uvela egameni lesiGreki elisho ulwazi nokucwaninga. Okusho ukuthi, ulwazi olutholakala ngocwaningo. Kodwa le ncazelo yokuqala iguqukele encazelweni yamanje, ebhekisela olwazini olutholwe ngocwaningo oluphathelene nezehlakalo ezedlule.

Ngokwesichazamazwi se-RAE, umlando ukulandisa nokuvezwa kwezenzakalo zesikhathi esidlule ezifanele ukukhunjulwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusesidlangalaleni noma okuyimfihlo, noma isiyalo esifunda futhi esilandisa ngokulandelana kwezenzakalo ezedlule.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-historiography isiyalo esiphathelene nocwaningo lomlando, noma futhi ukucwaninga kwebhayibheli nokuhlolisisa imibhalo yomlando nemithombo yayo, kanye nababhali abake babhekana nalezi zindaba. Okokugcina, i-historiology iyithiyori yomlando futhi ikakhulukazi leyo efunda isakhiwo, imithetho noma izimo zamaqiniso omlando.

Ngokombono wethu, sizobiza umlando ezenzakalweni ezedlule ngokwazo, i-historiography ekucwaningweni kwezehlakalo ezedlule, kanye ne-historiology ekucwaningweni kokuthi umlando ufundwa kanjani.

Indlela yomlando iyisethi yezinqubo ezisetshenziswa osomlando ukuze baphenye izehlakalo ezedlule ngemithombo eyinhloko kanye nobunye ubufakazi.

Indlela yomlando iqala ngencazelo kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwesihloko esifundwayo, ukwakhiwa kombuzo noma imibuzo okufanele iphendulwe, incazelo yesu lomsebenzi, kanye nendawo kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemithombo yamadokhumentari, okuyizinto ezingavuthiwe zomlando womlando. umsebenzi.

Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuhlaziya noma ukugxekwa kwale mithombo. Ngaphakathi komthombo ukugxeka kukhona ukugxeka kwangaphandle, okuhlukaniswe ukugxeka okukhulu nokugxeka okuncane, nokugxeka kwangaphakathi. Ngamunye unezici ezithile.

Ukugxeka kwangaphandle kunomsebenzi wokugwema ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo engamanga. Ngakho-ke, kuwumsebenzi ongemuhle. Ingxenye ebizwa ngokuthi ukugxeka okukhulu, noma futhi ukugxeka komlando noma indlela ebucayi yomlando, ihlanganisa usuku lomthombo (indawo ngesikhathi), indawo esikhaleni somthombo, ubunikazi bomthombo, kanye nemvelaphi yomthombo. ( impahla yangaphambilini eyakhiqizwa ngayo). Ingxenye ebizwa ngokuthi ukugxeka okuncane, noma ukugxeka umbhalo, ibheka ubuqotho bomthombo (indlela yokuqala eyakhiqizwa ngayo).

Kunalokho, ukugxeka kwangaphakathi kunomsebenzi wokuphakamisa ukuthi imithombo kufanele isetshenziswe kanjani. Ngakho-ke, kuwumsebenzi omuhle. Nakuba ukugxeka kwangaphandle kugxilile efomini, ukugxeka kwangaphakathi kugxile entweni. Tadisha ukwethembeka, inani elingase libe khona lokuqukethwe.

Ngemva kokuhlaziywa noma ukugxekwa kwemithombo, isinyathelo sokugcina sendlela yomlando ukukhiqizwa komphumela wokugcina, obizwa ngokuthi i-historiographic synthesis. Iqukethe ukwakhiwa nokusungulwa kwemibono ecatshangelwayo ngalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukucabanga okungokomlando.

Kuzazi-mlando, izehlakalo eziyingqopha-mlando ziyizehlakalo zomlando ezibangela izinguquko eziphawulekayo, ezishintsha inkambo yomlando, noma inkambo yesenzakalo esingokomlando ezithintayo kodwa ngemiphumela ezwakala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, ngomphumela weketango.

Ayikho indlela ejwayelekile yokuhlukanisa izigigaba zomlando, kodwa amathuba amaningi ahlukene, futhi isikole ngasinye sezomlando noma isazi-mlando ngasinye sibeka phambili imibandela ethile noma ezinye. Ezincwadini zokwazisa abantu akukho ukuhlukaniswa okuvumelanayo futhi.

Kusukela yethu umbono, lezi ezinye zezinqubo zokuhlukanisa ezingaba khona zezinyathelo ezibalulekile zomlando:

• Kuya ngokuthi kuthinta imvelo, abantu noma lokho okwenziwa abantu, kanye nokuhlobana kwabo
• Ngezigaba ze-taxonomic zesizinda
• Ngezigaba ze-taxonomic zomsebenzi wezomnotho
• Ngezigaba ze-taxonomic zomsebenzi
• Ngezigaba ze-taxonomic zesiyalo
• Ngezinga lokuhlukahluka emikhakheni, imisebenzi yezomnotho, imikhakha yezomnotho noma ubungcweti
• Ngezinga lokuguquguquka kumaphrojekthi ngaphakathi kwemikhakha, imisebenzi yezomnotho, imikhakha yezomnotho noma ubungcweti
• Ngokwesikhathi ezenzeke ngaso (nini)
• - Ngezikhathi zomlando
• - Ngeminyaka ye-geological of the Earth
• - Ngezikhathi zonyaka
• - Iminyaka
• - Izinyanga
• Ngokusho kwabalingiswa bayo (obani)
• - By isigaba social
• - Ngobunikazi bobuhlanga
• - Ngobuzwe
• - Ngobunikazi bobulili
• - Ngeminyaka yobudala
• - Ngobunikazi bobulili
• - Ngokuhweba / ubungcweti
• - Ngobudlelwano bobulili
• Ngokusho kwendawo (lapho)
• - Ngamazwekazi
• - Ngezifunda zezwekazi
• - By izifunda supranational
• - Ngamazwe
• - Ngezindawo ze-geopolitical
• Kuye ngokuthi zingokwemvelo noma zenziwe
• Ngezinga lokusungula
• Ngezinga lethonya
• Ngezinga lokubaluleka
• Ngokusho ukuthi kungokwesayensi noma cha
• Ngohlobo lobuchwepheshe obuhilelekile
• Ngohlobo lwamasu ahilelekile
• Kuya ngokuthi banemiphumela emihle noma emibi yini:
• - Okwemvelo
• - Ukuze umphakathi wonkana
• - Ukuze iqembu elithile social
• - Ukuze kuthuthukiswe iziyalo, izindawo, imikhakha noma ezohwebo
• Kuya ngokuthi imiphumela yakho iyisikhathi esifushane noma eside (ngezinga lokuphila isikhathi eside)
• Ngokwembangela:
• - Okwemvelo
• - Ukuze umphakathi wonkana
• - Ukuze iqembu elithile social
• - Ukuze kuthuthukiswe iziyalo, izindawo, imikhakha noma ezohwebo
• Ngokwesigqi sezinguquko abazenzayo: kungazelelwe noma kancane kancane

Uma kukhethwa uhlaka lwethiyori ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo ngokomlando, imibandela nayo ingenzeka:

• Uma kuthinta ingqalasizinda noma isakhiwo
• Uma ithinta ingqalasizinda:
• - Ngohlobo lwemodi yokukhiqiza
• - Ngamandla okukhiqiza athintekile
• - Ngohlobo lwezinto zokusetshenziswa
• - Ngohlobo lobuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa
• - By uhlobo ubudlelwano social zokukhiqiza
• Uma ithinta isakhiwo:
• - Ngohlobo lwemibono
• - Ngezigaba ze-taxonomic zemibono

Uma i Indlela ye-Sapiens, ngokusekelwe kuthiyori yezinhlelo

• Uma kuthinta ingqalasizinda noma isakhiwo
• Ngezinhlelo
• Ngamasistimu angaphansi
• Kuya ngokuthi ingqopha-mlando ivela ngaphandle kwesistimu noma ngaphakathi
• Ngokomsebenzi ewufezayo ngaphakathi kwesistimu noma isistimu engaphansi
• Ngokwezinga lomthelela ohlelweni

Enye yezindlela zokunquma ezingaba khona zokuhlukanisa ama-milestone yizinga lomthelela noma ukubaluleka. Ngokucacile, indlela eyodwa yokuhlukanisa ama-milestones ngokuya ngokuthi abangele ukushintsha kwe-paradigm noma cha.

Encwadini yakhe ethi The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1962, uThomas Kuhn uthi umlando ungaphezu kokulandelana noma ukulandelana kwezikhathi zezenzakalo ezinqwabelene, nokuthi ngezinye izikhathi kuba nezenzakalo ezidala izinguquko zesayensi nokushintsha kwemibono.

Ku-Kuhn, uguquko lwesayensi luyisiqephu sentuthuko engaqongeleli, lapho ipharadigm endala ithathelwa indawo ngokuphelele noma kancane yi-paradigm entsha engahambelani.

Ingaqhathaniswa nezinguquko zezombangazwe, eziphinde zisho isikhashana sokuqubuka phakathi kwesimo esidala nesimo esisha, ngakho-ke ukushintshwa kwesimo esidala yisimo esisha esingahambelani.

Ku-Kuhn, ama-paradigms ayizinto zesayensi eziqashelwa umhlaba wonke ezinikeza amamodeli ezinkinga nezisombululo kumphakathi wesayensi okwesikhashana. Okusho ukuthi, ukunqunywa kwenkundla yokudlala kanye nemithetho ethile yomdlalo.