Yiziphi izikhundla eziyinhloko ze-epistemological?

Ngokwenkolelo yokuthi kungenzeka ukwazi

I-Dogmatism
Ukungabaza
I-Subjectivism kanye ne-relativism
I-Pragmatism
Ukugxeka noma ukucabanga ngokujulile

Ngokwethemba lakho emsuka wolwazi:

Ukucabangela
Amandla
Intellectualism (isipiliyoni nomcabango)
I-priori
Izixazululo ze-Pre-Metaphysical: Objectivism kanye ne-Subjectivism
Izixazululo Ze-Metaphysical: Iqiniso, I-Idealism, I-Materialism, kanye ne-Phenomenalism
Izixazululo Zenkolo: I-Monism kanye ne-Theistic Dualism
I-Structuralism kanye ne-poststructuralism

Yimiphi imithombo yokuzuza ulwazi?

Ngokusho kwe-Standford Encyclopedia:

Ukubona
Ukungeniswa
Memoria
Isizathu
Ubufakazi

Yiziphi izizathu eziyinhloko ze-epistemological?

Ngokusho kwe-Oxford Manual of Epistemology:

El ubuzwe bangaphakathi kuwumbono wokuthi alikho iqiniso ngomhlaba elinganikeza izizathu zokwenza kungakhathalekile izifiso nezinkolelo.

Isisekelo: Yisona sikhundla esivikela ukuthi kunezinto ezilungisiswayo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuzithethelela ngobudlelwano bazo nokunye. Lesi sisekelo singaba kakhulu noma sinciphe ngokwethemba lale nto ukuthi uma ithethelela "ngokwayo".
Ukwethembeka: Ithiyori yolwazi ethembeke kakhulu cishe yile elandelayo: Kuyaziwa ukuthi u-p (p umelela noma yisiphi isiphakamiso, isibonelo, ukuthi isibhakabhaka siluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) uma futhi kuphela uma u-p eyiqiniso, kukholakala ukuthi u-p uyiqiniso futhi sinalo. wafika enkolelweni yokuthi uhamba ngenqubo ethile enokwethenjelwa.
I-Epistemology yobuhle: Ulwazi lwenzeka uma sinezici ezanele zobuhlakani ezisivumela ukuba sizuze noma sisondele kulo.

El ubungaphandle Kuyinkolelo-mbono yokuthi izizathu kufanele zihlonzwe ngezici zenhloso zomhlaba.

Ukubumbana: Leli phuzu lokubuka lisikisela ukuthi ukuthethelelwa kwanoma iyiphi inkolelo kuncike kuleyo nkolelo enokusekelwa okungenzeka okuvela kwenye inkolelo ngobudlelwano bokuhambisana obufana nokuxhumanisa noma ubudlelwano obuchazayo. Inguqulo yesimanje enamandla ye-epistemic coherentism igomela ukuthi ubudlelwano obunobufakazi bokuhambisana phakathi kwezinkolelo ngokuvamile buwubudlelwano obuchazayo. Umbono ovamile ukuthi inkolelo ilungisiswa kuwe inqobo nje uma ichaza kangcono, noma ichazwa kangcono ilungu elithile lesistimu yenkolelo enamandla amakhulu okuchaza kuwe. I-Contemporary epistemic coherentism iphelele; thola umthombo wokugcina wokuthethelelwa ohlelweni lwenkolelo oluxhumene noma izinkolelo ezingaba khona.
Contextualism: I-Contextualism ichaza iqoqo lemibono kufilosofi egcizelela umongo lapho isenzo, isitatimende, noma inkulumo yenzeka khona, futhi ithi, ngandlela thize ebalulekile, isenzo, isitatimende, noma inkulumo ingaqondwa kuphela ngokuhlobene nalowo mongo. Ukubuka kokuqukethwe kubamba ukuthi imiqondo eyimpikiswano ngokwefilosofi njengokuthi "ukusho ukuthini u-P", "yazi ukuthi u-P", "unesizathu sika-A" futhi mhlawumbe "nokuba yiqiniso" noma "ulungile" anencazelo kuphela ngokuhlobene nomxholo othize. Ezinye izazi zefilosofi ziphikisa ngokuthi ukuncika kumongo kungase kubangele ukuhlobana; nokho, imibono yesimongcondvo iya ngokuya idume phakathi kwefilosofi.
Okwemvelo: Igama elithi naturalism (elisuka kwelesiLatini elithi naturalis) lisetshenziselwa ukubiza imisinga yefilosofi ebheka imvelo njengesimiso sodwa sayo yonke into engokoqobo. Kuwuhlelo lwefilosofi nenkolelo olubamba ukuthi akukho lutho ngaphandle kwemvelo, amandla, nezimbangela zohlobo olufundwa isayensi yemvelo; Lezi zikhona ukuze siqonde indawo yethu engokwenyama.

I-Pragmatism: I-pragmatism yokushintsha igomela ubuze kanye nokusebenziseka kokukhathazeka okungokwefilosofi mayelana nokuthi umhlaba unjani ngempela (kanye neqiniso eliwumgomo) futhi incoma ukubaluleka kwefilosofi okumaphakathi kokuthi yini enenzuzo, enenzuzo, noma ewusizo. Njengoba izinkolelo eziwusizo zingase zingamanga futhi ngenxa yalokho zingameleli lokho izwe eliyikho ngempela, isifiso sezinkolelo eziwusizo asisona ngokuzenzakalelayo isifiso sezinkolelo ezimelela lokho izwe eliyikho ngempela. I-pragmatism yokubuyisela isho ukuthi isiphakamiso siyamukeleka kithi uma futhi singamukeleki. ewusizo, okungukuthi, kuyasiza kithi ukwamukela isiphakamiso.

Sikuphi isiphakamiso sika-Sapiens phakathi kwezikhundla ze-epistemological?

Isiphakamiso sikaSapiens sibheka ukuthi ulwazi lusuka ekuqondeni izinto, futhi luqondwa ngokuxhumanisa ulwazi oluhlukene nolwazi oluthembekile.
Kuma-Sapiens, ulwazi ukuqonda ukuthi kungani, okungukuthi, ukuqonda lokho esifuna ukukuqonda ebudlelwaneni nasekuxhumekeni kwale nto nezinye izinto, kanye nesimo ekuso kumasistimu angaphansi, amasistimu kanye namasistimu angaphezulu.
Ulwazi lwe-whys, ngokusho kwemibono eyamukelwa kakhulu ye-epistemology, ngolwazi "lwento", olwazini lwesiphakamiso.
Ukulungiswa kwe-Sapiens encazelweni yakhe yolwazi njengokuqonda ukuthi kungani kufanele kuqale, ngakho-ke, kusukela ekucacisweni kokubaluleka kwalokhu kuqonda uma kuqhathaniswa nolunye ulwazi lwesiphakamiso.
Isiphakamiso esifingqiwe sokuthethelelwa kwama-Sapiens: ulwazi njengokuqonda luhlanganisa ndawonye izinhlobo ezahlukene zolwazi lwesiphakamiso, kuya olwazini olujwayelekile hhayi nje kuphela, kodwa futhi nekhwalithi ephuma ekuxhumaneni:
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- Iyini into ngayinye (i-semantic-conceptual)
- Iyiphi into ngayinye efana noma ehlobene nayo (indlela yokuqhathanisa)
- Yiziphi izinhlobo zento ngayinye (iziqu)
- Iphi into ngayinye (ngaphezu kobudlelwano bayo bendawo)
- Yakheka nini futhi kanjani into ngayinye (indlela yomlando).

Ngale ndlela, siyaqonda ukuthi ulwazi njengokuqonda luhlanganisa lonke lolu lwazi oluhlongozwayo ukuze luhlobane nabo futhi siqonde izizathu zezinto.
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Isibonelo: Uma sibuyela emadadani, sizoqonda ukuthi kungani idada linambitheka ngendlela elidla ngayo uma siqonda izinhlobo ezahlukene zamadada, aphila kanjani, adlani, afuduka nini nokuthi lokhu kuwathinta kanjani, njll. . Lonke lolu lwazi noma ulwazi luzoxhunywa ukuze kwakhiwe ulwazi olusha mayelana nokuthi kungani idada linambitheka ngendlela elenza ngayo.

izikhundla ezahlukene ze-epistemological mayelana nokulungiswa kolwazi

Ethebulani lokuhlelwa kwezigaba sisebenzise izinhlobonhlobo ezintathu zemibala esigabeni ngasinye: ophuzi ngalokho okuhlobene ngokuqondile nesiphakamiso sakwa-Sapiens, umbala "wenyama" walezo zingxenye ezinengxenye ethile ehlobene nendawo ye-Sapiens, kanye naleyo emhlophe. akuhambisani nesizinda sokuma kwe-Sapiens.
Sesiqale ngokusungula izinhlobo ezintathu ezisemqoka zolwazi, ngokwe-epistemology: the ulwazi oluyisisekelo (yazi ukuthi yini, kuphi, nini, ngani), ulwazi ngokusondelana noma ngokuqwashisa (ngimazi umngane wami mathupha futhi ngiyalazi idolobha laseParis ngoba ngike ngahlala khona), nolwazi lokuthi kwenziwa kanjani okuthile.
Sigxilise ukunaka kwethu olwazini lwesiphakamiso ngoba akulona nje kuphela oluvame kakhulu, kodwa okuvela kulo iningi le-epistemology. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungalolu hlobo lolwazi lapho isiphakamiso sakwaSapiens sizoqala khona.
Uma sesehlele ezinhlotsheni ezimbili zolwazi lwesiphakamiso ngokusho kokuqinisekiswa kwazo, sithuthukise ingxenye okokusebenza, okungukuthi, leyo efakazelwe ngokwengxenye noma ngokuphelele kokuhlangenwe nakho.
Ukuthethelela esikubonayo nesikubonayo kokuhlangenwe nakho, kukhona imisinga epistemological ehlukene ezingahlukaniswa zibe i-iternalism kanye ne-externalism. I-Internalism ibheka ukuthi ulwazi lulungisiswa yizinkolelo noma izinkolelo zesihloko esicabangayo, kanti i-externalism ibheka ukuthi inhloso / ukuqinisekiswa kutholakala endabeni yangaphandle.
Ulwazi njengokuqonda ama-Sapiens lubheka ukuthi yonke into ixhumene ukuze, ukuze uqonde okuthile, kufanele kubekwe kukonke kusuka kumbono ophelele. Ngenxa yalokhu kuthembela embonweni ophelele kanye nokuxhumana kwezingxenye njengomthombo wolwazi, sibeke isikhundla Ama-Sapiens ngaphakathi kwemisinga yangaphandle.
Ngaphakathi kwangaphandle sithola:
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a) The i-epistemic theory of coherence, ebheka ukuthi lonke ulwazi lungaqondwa njengoluyiqiniso kusukela ekulungisisweni kwalo (uhlobo lobudlelwano) nolunye ulwazi oluthathwa njengoluyiqiniso. Le thiyori iphuzi njengoba ivikela isikhundla sakwaSapiens sokuthi yonke into ixhunyiwe futhi, ekuqondeni ubudlelwano, sizokhiqiza ulwazi. Isibonelo: Ngizoluqonda futhi ngilwethembe ulwazi lokuthi Umhlaba awusicaba uma ngibheka ithiyori yamandla adonsela phansi kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwamaplanethi njengeqiniso.
b) Sifake i isimo sezulu ngombala ophuzi njengoba ibheka ukuthi indawo yokwazi ukuthi into ethile iyiqiniso noma cha inikezwa kumongo ngamunye, okuhambisana nombono wama-Sapiens. Ngokusho kwabakwaSapiens, umsebenzi ngamunye nomsebenzi wezomnotho uzoba nolwazi oluthile lokuthile okuzophawulwa kakhulu yingqikithi.
c) Inketho yokugcina, kwemvelo, ibheka ukuthi imvelo kuphela yilokho okubhekwa njengengokoqobo. Asiyifuni le nketho njengoba i-Sapiens ihlukanisa ngokucacile imvelo kubantu kanye nalokho okwenziwa abantu.
Isikhundla sokugcina lapho singathola khona ulwazi lwama-Sapiens yile pragmatism, ngokusho ukuthi yiluphi ulwazi oluzocatshangelwa / lulungisiswe ngalo uma le nkolelo iwusizo empilweni engokoqobo. Lokhu, sikholwa ukuthi kungaba yingxenye yeSapiens njengoba, kude nokungena ezingxoxweni nabangabazayo abangabaza yonke into, ikhetha ukukunikeza. indlela esiza ukuqonda ukwenza kangcono.

Ikuphi lapho iSapiens ibheka khona imithombo yolwazi?

- Ukuxhumana kwezingxenye ezakha amasistimu
- Ukubona
- Ukuzihlola
- Imemori
- Isizathu
- Ubufakazi

Siyini isimo samaSapiens ngokuthembela kwabo olwazini?

Ukucabanga okubucayi

Indlela ye-Sapiens iveza ukusondelana okumangalisayo ekucabangeni okujulile. Zombili lezi zikhundla ziqala esidingweni sokubuza isimo esikhona futhi sikwenza lokho ngenxa yokungavumelani nalokho esitshelwa ukuthi kuyiqiniso kanye nolwazi. Ukwanelisa lokhu kungaboni ngaso linye, bobabili bahlonyiswe ngamathuluzi abavumela ukuthi badlulele ngalé kwalokho okwaziwayo, bakhiqize okuqukethwe okusha kwengqondo.

Ukungavumelani kokuqala kuka-Sapiens kuvela enkolelweni yakhe yokuthi yonke into ixhunyiwe, ngakho-ke, asinakwazi utho ngeprism eyodwa (njengoba ifakwa emphakathini wanamuhla wezingcweti) kodwa kuyadingeka ukuqonda izinto ngombono ophelele . Ukungavumelani kwesibili lapho asebenzisa khona ukucabanga okujulile kungenye yezinkinga ezinkulu kakhulu emphakathini wanamuhla: i-post-truth kanye ne-infoxication. I-Sapiens yazalwa ngale ndlela ukuze inikeze ithuluzi elenza kube lula ukuqonda kwabantu, libaqhelelanise nombono olula wento abayifundayo kanye nomhlaba jikelele.

Ngakho singaqonda ukuthi i-Sapiens idonsa kukho kokubili ithiyori yesistimu nokucabanga okujulile, njengoba isebenzisa eyokuqala ukuze inikeze indawo yesibili. Ngamanye amazwi, iSapiens ifuna ukukhulisa ukuqonda kwethu iqiniso ngaphandle kokwamukela lokho okunikezwa umongo wethu (ugqozi olufanayo nokucabanga okujulile) futhi kulokhu, iphakamisa izindlela ezinhlanu ezisivumela ukuba sibheke olwazini lwento esiyifundayo maqondana. kuzo zonke ezinye izinto, ezingezohlelo lwakho nezinye izinhlelo (ithiyori yezinhlelo).

Ngemva kokwenza ucwaningo ngokucabanga okujulile, singafingqa ukuthi indlela yokusebenza yakwaSapiens incike kulolu hlobo lokucabanga (namandla) kulezi zici ezilandelayo:

Kokubili kusekelwe esihlokweni esifanayo: ukungakwethembi ulwazi nolwazi, isifiso sokusondela eqinisweni/ukuqonda.
Isikhundla sabo sikwenye imfundiso eyeqisayo, njengoba befuna ukuziqeda.
Zombili lezi ziphakamiso zikubona kubalulekile ukuzibuza ngomuntu owazi ngokuzihlaziya.
Zombili zinenhloso engokoqobo, zifuna ukuxazulula izinkinga, ukungqubuzana nokwenza kangcono.

Kulokhu kuhlanganiswa kokufana nokwehluka singaphetha ngokuthi Indlela ye-Sapiens kanye nokucabanga okujulile kuyahambisana, njengoba benezici ezihlukene zokucabanga futhi babhekene nokukhathazeka okufanayo: ukuqonda izinto kahle ukuze wenze ngokukhululeka ezimfundisweni.

I-Pragmatism

Ukucabanga okubucayi kusiholela ekuphendukeni ku-pragmatism, ithiyori yefilosofi okuwukuphela kwendlela yokwahlulela iqiniso lemfundiso yokuziphatha, yezenhlalo, yenkolo noma yesayensi ukucabangela imiphumela yayo engokoqobo.

Ngenxa yokuthi i-Sapiens ifuna ukusiza, ukuqondisa nokuqondisa ama-SME kanye nabantu endleleni yabo yokuqonda inhloso yabo yokufunda futhi, njengoba ukukhathazeka kwabo kuwukuthuthukisa umphakathi ngokuba wusizo endleleni yabo yokwenza izinto, singakwazi ukubona ukusondelana nefilosofi ye-pragmatic.

Isakhiwo

Ithiyori kanye nendlela esekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwamaqiniso omuntu njengezakhiwo ezisengozini yokwenza zibe semthethweni.

Lapho kuphenywa into, i-structuralism iphakamisa intuthuko evela enhlanganweni eyinhloko yamaqiniso abonakalayo ohlakeni lomsebenzi wocwaningo ekucaciseni nasekuchazeni isakhiwo sangaphakathi sento (izikhundla zayo kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kwezakhi zezinga ngalinye) kanye , bese, maqondana nokudalwa kwemodeli yetiyori yento.

I-Sapiens ikhombisa izifaniso nale ndlela ngoba inaka kakhulu ubudlelwano phakathi kwezingxenye zesakhiwo ukuze izichaze futhi, kule nqubo, izama uku-oda izingxenye zezingxenye kanye nesakhiwo zibe ama-taxonomies.

Siyini isimo samaSapiens ngokuphathelene nokuthembela kwabo emsuka wolwazi?

Isakhiwo

I-Poststructuralism

I-post-structuralism ingumqondo wamanje womcabango wesiFulentshi owavela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-XNUMX futhi ngokuvamile ufakwa ku-postmodernism. Iyavuma ukuthi yonke into esingakwazi yakhiwe ngezimpawu, kodwa iqinisekisa ukuthi azikho izincazelo zangaphakathi, kodwa ukuthi yonke incazelo ingokombhalo kanye nemibhalo.

(Kusuka ku-Sapiens): I-Poststructuralism ifuna ukuhleleka kolwazi ngendlela ehlukene ngezigaba nezigaba. AbakwaSapiens nabo bafuna uku-oda okufanayo. Ngokuphathelene nezindlela zokukhonkolo, ukwakhiwa kwe-poststructuralism ekuqaleni okuhlongoza imibhalo, i-elBullirestaurante isivele iyidlulisele ekhishini. Nama-Sapiens umqondo ofanayo ufakwe endleleni yocwaningo. Imayelana nokuhlukanisa hhayi imibhalo kuphela, kodwa nemiqondo, kodwa ekugcineni ukuyihlaziya iyonke.

Ukucabanga okuhlelekile

Ukucabanga kwezinhlelo kuyindlela yokuhlaziya ehlola zonke izingxenye ezixhumene futhi ezibuye zakha isimo kuze kube yilapho kutholwa ukuqwashisa okukhulu kwezehlakalo nokuthi kungani.

Ngokusebenzisa ukucabanga kwezinhlelo, zonke izingxenye zayo yonke ziyafundwa. Kuwuhlobo lokucabanga oluvame ukusetshenziswa ezifundweni zesayensi, ezobunjiniyela nokuphathwa kwebhizinisi, phakathi kokunye, njengendlela inkinga noma isimo esingaxazululwa ngayo.

Ithiyori yezinhlelo ama-Sapiens athembele kuyo, kanye nesakhiwo, amagagasi amabili aqondana engxenyeni enhle yokuqukethwe kwawo. Embuzweni osikhathazayo (ukuthembela olwazini lwama-Sapiens) singachaza ukuthi kokubili i-structuralism kanye nethiyori yezinhlelo kubheka ukuthi ulwazi lukhiqizwa njengomphumela wemininingwane yesakhiwo ngasinye noma uhlelo.

Isikhundla sika-Sapiens siqaphile ngokuphathelene nokuzethemba okunikezwa ulwazi, kodwa ngaphandle kokuwela ekuliphikeni noma ekuzihlanganiseni nalo. KwaSapiens, ulwazi luzohluka endaweni ngayinye (amasistimu) futhi ngokulandelayo, njengoba yonke into ixhumene futhi ithintwa ezinye izingxenye, ulwazi lwendawo ngayinye luzothinta ezinye izingxenye zaleyo ndawo, kanye nalezo ezifakwe kwezinye. .izizinda ze-megasystem.

I-Objectivism

I-Sapiens iveza ulwazi njengolwehlukile ngokwe-prism, okungukuthi, umuntu ngamunye uzokwazi ukuthuthukisa ngokwengqikithi yakhe futhi abeke ulwazi oluhlukile ngento efanayo. Kukhona ukwamukelwa ukuthi ulwazi luhlukaniswe ngama-prism ahlukene futhi, ngakho-ke, kuzodingeka sisondele kulo kusukela ekuxhumaneni kwezingxenye kanye nama-prism.

Okusho ukuthi, ama-Sapiens akholelwa ukuthi, nakuba kunama-prism ahlukene okubona okungokoqobo, ulwazi alukhawulelwe eqinisweni lesihloko owaziyo, kodwa ngokuqondile ukuxhumana kwalawa ma-prism ahlukene kungalinganisa iqiniso elikhulu (yize kungenalo ngokuphelele).

Ikuphi ama-Sapiens phakathi kwalezi zizathu ze-epistemological?

Le mephu yomqondo ihloselwe ukuveza imiphumela yezindlela ezihlukene zokuhlukanisa izinhlobo zolwazi ukwenza kubonakale izindawo lapho indlela ye-Sapiens esekelwe kuzo.

Isigaba sokuqala sihambisana nalokho okwaziwayo, lapho sithola khona izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko: ulwazi ngokusondelana noma ukusondelana (ukuhlangana nomngane), ulwazi lwendlela yokwenza okuthile (ukwazi / ukwazi ukwenza umChilean), nolwazi lwesiphakamiso ( ukwazi ngolwazi, ithiyori, njll). Lesi sakamuva yisona esithatha ukubaluleka kokubili ku-epistemology kanye naku-Sapiens.
Ngaphakathi kolwazi lwesiphakamiso sithola ulwazi ngesimo sokuthi luyini, lunjani, luyini, lukuphi, nini, lungakanani futhi kungani lukhona. Ngaphakathi kwaleli qembu elikhulu, sihlukanise isiphakamiso sakwaSapiens, okuthi, nakuba siwulwazi oluhlongozwayo, sibheka ukuthi isisindo saso siyasivumela umehluko othize.
Ngokwemibono ehlukene enikezwe ulwazi lwesiphakamiso, sithola imibandela emithathu yokuhlukanisa: ngokwethemba olwazini ngokwalo, ngokwethemba emithonjeni yolwazi, nangokuvumelana nezizathu ezidingekayo zokuqinisekisa ulwazi.
Ngokusho kokuqiniseka olwazini, i-Sapiens isekucabangeni okujulile, njengoba ikholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukwazi, kodwa ihlale ibuza ngemithombo nokuqukethwe kolwazi, okumvumela ukuba angaweli emfundisweni yenkolelo. Siphinde sithole ukwesekwa kwa-Sapiens, nakuba silinganisele kakhulu ku-pragmatism.
Ngokokuqiniseka ngomsuka wolwazi, sicabangela ukuthi iSapiens ngakolunye uhlangothi iboleka indlela yeCartesian ngokungabaza kwayo unomphela kodwa hhayi ukucabangela, njengoba ikholelwa ukuthi ulwazi lunganikezwa ngezinye izindlela ngaphandle kwesizathu (umbono, isibonelo). Amanye ama-currents lapho indlela yethu yokusebenza esekelwe kuwo yi-structuralism kanye ne-poststructuralism. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abakwaSapiens bakholelwa ukuthi, nakuba kunama-prism ahlukene okubona okungokoqobo, ulwazi alukhawulelwe eqinisweni lesihloko owaziyo, kodwa ngokuqondile ukuhlotshaniswa kwalawa ma-prism ahlukene kungalinganisa iqiniso elikhulu (yize kungenalo ngokuphelele) . Ngalesi sizathu siphawule ngokuphuzi i- objectivism. Okokugcina, sicabangela ukuthi umbono kaSapiens ngokombono wemetaphysical uyavumelana nokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo, njengoba ethembela ebukhoneni bendaba ngaphandle kokuba khona komuntu, njengoba sibona esiphakamisweni sayo se-megasystem.
Ngokuvumelana nezizathu ze-epistemological ezidingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ulwazi, sicabangela ukuthi kunezikhundla ezihambisanayo ezehlukene lapho indlela yethu yokusebenza yakhiwe khona. Okokuqala, ilandela inkolelo-mbono yokuhambisana kwezinto zangaphandle njengoba ibheka ukuthi ulwazi lwakhiwe ebudlelwaneni (ukuhambisana) phakathi kwezingxenye ze-megasystem (yangaphandle kusihloko). Okwesibili, lokhu kwakhiwa kolwazi kuzoncika kumongo wesihloko sokwazi kanye nomzuzu womlando lapho into ifundwa khona. Ekugcineni, u-Sapiens unombono oseduze we-epistemology of virtue, njengoba ekubona kubalulekile ukuhlanganisa ubuhlakani bokuhlakanipha ukwazi ukuthi siqonda kanjani. Sibonise ngombala ophuzi i-pragmatism njengoba insiza ekhiqizwa yi-Sapiens ekusetshenzisweni kwayo kuyindlela yokuqinisekisa ulwazi oluxhunyiwe olukhiqizayo.
Ngokufanayo, besifuna ukwenza kubonakale ukuthi i-Sapiens inethemba kuyo yonke imithombo engaba khona ephakanyiswe ku-epistemology ukuze kuzuzwe ulwazi, lapho isizathu sigqama njengendlela yokuxhuma ulwazi nokuzihlola ngokuzihlaziya).
Okokugcina, sihlukanise ukuthi i-Sapiens isebenzela ukuqonda umhlaba wangaphandle, futhi ngenxa yalokhu, ibona kudingekile ukuzihlaziya njengokwazi izifundo ezisivumela ukuba sizazi.

Ngabe isikhundla sika-Sapiens sithethelelwa kanjani? Ukuzivikela ngokumelene nokugxeka okungenzeka kwe-epistemological:

Ukuphikiswa kokuhlukaniswa (ngokumelene nokuhlangana tª)

Ukuqonda njengomthombo wolwazi oluvela ekuxhumaneni kolwazi nolwazi (esikubheka njengeqiniso noma okuthembekile) ukulungisiswa okuhambisanayo. Lo mkhuba ubulokhu futhi ungagxekwa ngokusekelwe ekuphikiseni ukuzihlukanisa, esingakufingqa ngale ndlela elandelayo: ukuxhumana kolwazi ukuze kukhiqizwe olunye ulwazi kungakhiqiza okuqukethwe okuningi okungenakho ukuthethelelwa kweqiniso. Isibonelo: uma ngikholelwa ukuthi iLanga lizungeza uMhlaba njengoba kwakukholelwa emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, futhi kusukela lapha ngakha umfanekiso wendawo yonke ngokuxhumanisa ulwazi, ngizobe ngakha inganekwane yokuqonda kude neqiniso.

Ukuze inqobe lokhu, iSapiens kufanele yamukele futhi imemezele (njengoba yenza kakade) ukuthi umkhakha wayo wokufunda awuwona owesayensi noma wefilosofi, nakuba incike kule mikhakha yolwazi. Ngalesi sizathu, inhloso yayo ukusiza ukuqonda ukwenza kangcono, ngaphandle kokungena ezingxoxweni ze-epistemological mayelana nomsuka wokulungisiswa. Okusho ukuthi, igcina ukuhambisana ngokwamukela okungaphezu kwesabelomali esiqinile (yonke into ixhunyiwe, umbono ophelele, ulwazi lungaqondwa, njll.) olugwema ukugxekwa ngokuphelele.

I-Relativism (ngokumelene nengqikithi)

Isikhundla sika-Sapiens sithobeke kakhulu ngokwengqondo kunethiyori enkulu yefilosofi, futhi wenelisa ukwamukela ukuthi umongo ubeka incazelo yamagama (impikiswano esekelwa kakhulu ifilosofi). Lesi simo sengqondo singachazwa ngokuthi “relativistic”, njengoba mhlawumbe singahunyushwa ngokungeyikho ukuthi uma siveza ukuthi utamatisi uhlukile kumlimi kunosomnotho, kusenza singabaze ukuthi utamatisi ukhona.

Kodwa lokhu kugxeka akwenzi ubulungiswa ku-Sapiens, okudlulela ngale kwalokhu futhi lokho ngokuqondile ekuthobekeni kwayo kubheka ukuthi kukhona ulwazi, ukuthi kungaqondwa uma sicabangela ama-prism ahlukene, nokuthi konke lokhu kunencazelo: ukusebenza kahle kakhulu. sibonga ukuqonda okuphelele.

Ukungabaza (against objectivism)

Kuyohlale kukhona labo abangabazayo abangabaza ama-Sapiens, ngoba bazongabaza ukuthi ulwazi olusha lungakhiqizwa ekuxhumekeni, noma bazongabaza ukufaneleka kwezindlela. Kodwa lokhu kugxeka akufanele kuthathe isikhathi sethu njengoba ukuthobeka ezikhundleni ze-Sapiens esikubonisile ngaphambili kusivumela ukuthi izingxabano nalolu hlobo lwabantu zinqotshwe: ulwazi njengokuxhumana luyamukelwa kabanzi, njengoba kunjalo nokuthembeka kwezindlela. . Kuzodingeka kuphela ngiphendule lokhu kugxeka okulandelayo: Ubonisa kanjani ukuthi lezi zindlela ezinhlanu ziyaphelelisana kahle? Impendulo ye-pragmatic ilula: Zizame futhi ujabulele ukuqonda okulula okuzuziwe ngenxa yendlela yokusebenza!

I-synthesis: Kungani ama-Sapiens esebenza?

I-Sapiens iyindlela esiza ukuqonda ekuxhumaniseni ulwazi. Ukwenza lokhu, incike emicabangweni ehlukene ye-epistemic eyinika ukuqina nokuhambisana. Kule nhlanganisela sizokwethula ukuqagela okuyinhloko okuhloliwe (ngokugqamile), kanye nezizathu ze-epistemological ezinikeza indlela ye-Sapiens ukuhambisana kwe-epistemological.

Kukhona ithuba lokwazi futhi, ukuze sikwenze ngendlela efanele, kufanele siqonde izizathu zalokho esikwaziyo.

Isizathu 1) Ukucabanga okubalulekile, okukhuthaza ukungabaza konke esikwaziyo ukuze sicwengisise ulwazi lwethu ngokuziqonda thina kanye nomongo wethu. Igwema ukuwela ku-relativism, njengoba nje iqeda inkolelo-mbono, njengoba ukuma kwayo kudinga ukuthethelelwa kwalokho okwaziwayo.

Isizathu 2) Ukungabaza kweCartesian: ukungamukeli noma yini njengevumelekile ngaphandle kwalokho esingakuqinisekisa ngokunengqondo. AbakwaSapiens basebenzisa ukucabanga njengendlela yokuqonda, njengoba kuyilokhu okuvumela ukuxhumana nobudlelwano bolwazi, ulwazi, amaqiniso, njll.
Singawazi umhlaba futhi sizazi thina. Ngalunye lwalolu lwazi lusiza ngokulinganayo ukuqonda kolunye.

J) Kusukela kuDescartes, iningi lezazi zefilosofi liye lakholelwa ukuthi ulwazi ngezimo zethu zengqondo luhluke ngokuphawulekayo olwazini lwethu ngezwe langaphandle. Ukuze singaluleki uhlu lwezazi zefilosofi ezidumile ezingasekeli nje kuphela ukuhlukaniswa kwalolu lwazi kodwa nokuvumelana kwakho kokubili, ake siveze kuDescartes onengqondo, i-empiricist Locke noma i-utilitarian JS Mill.
Zonke izinto zixhumene, ziyingxenye Yokuphelele.

J) Kusukela ku-Heraclitus, i-Spinoza kuya kuningi lemibono nemisinga yamanje, okuhlanganisa nethiyori ka-Einstein yokuhlobana, noma ifilosofi ka-AN Whitehead yenqubo.
Ukuqonda ngokuqaphela, ukuqaphela ukufunda nokuphatha ukufunda ngokwakho, kusivumela ukuba sikhululeke.

J) Isifiso Sokukhanyiselwa sokwazi ngokucabanga sasingesona esinye ngaphandle kokufuna inkululeko, ukufuna ukuzimela kwengqondo okungasivumela ukuba sibaleke ezimfundisweni (ikakhulukazi ezenkolo). Lesi sifiso sifinyezwa esimweni sengqondo sokugxeka esibonakala ngokucacile kufilosofi ka-Kant egxekayo
Okubalulekile akukhona ukwazi okuningi, kodwa ukwazi ukuthi ungakhetha kanjani ulwazi olubalulekile ukuze ukwazi ukwenza kahle.

J) I-Pragmatism: ukubaluleka kolwazi kuzonikezwa insiza ebonakalayo lolu lwazi olukuvumela ukuthi uyisebenzise.
Into efanayo ingaba nezincazelo eziningi ezahlukene ngesikhathi esisodwa, kuye ngokuthi ngobani, ngokombono.

J1) Ubunjalo besimo. Umongo esiphila kuwo ubeka ulwazi lwethu, ukuthatha indawo ezungezile ebalulekile, isiko lesikhathi samanje, njll.

J2) Umbono. Izimo zomuntu siqu (lokho esingakukhethi nalokho okusimisayo) kunquma ukuthi singobani futhi lokhu kunquma isikhundla esazi kuso. I-Ortega y Gasset
Singakwazi ngokuxhumanisa ulwazi, idatha, amaqiniso nolwazi.

J) Ithiyori yokuhlangana ibheka ukuthi singathethelela ulwazi oluthile uma sibonisa ubudlelwano bokuhambisana lokhu okunabo nolunye ulwazi oluthathwa njengoluyiqiniso futhi lufanelekile.
Ulwazi lwe-whys (ukuqonda) luhlukile kulo lonke ulwazi ngenxa yokubaluleka kwalo mayelana "nokuqinisekisa" okuphathelene.

J) Ifilosofi ngokuvamile, kanye nokucabanga okuhlolisisayo ngokukhethekile kanye nefilosofi ehlolisisayo, ithethelela ukubaluleka iSapiens ekunikezayo olwazini lokuthi kungani, njengoba ibheka ukuthi ulwazi luyoba nenani uma futhi kuphela uma luye lwathethelelwa, ukugwema ukukholelwa okuthile okungalungile .
Singakuthethelela esikwaziyo uma sibeka esikuqondayo ngombono ophelele, ebudlelwaneni bakho nakho konke.

J1) Isakhiwo kanye ne-poststructuralism.

J2) Ukucabanga okuhlelekile.
Singaqonda ngenxa yezindlela ezinhlanu zama-Sapiens.

J) Inkulumo ngendlela ye-Descartes, singakwazi kuphela futhi sithethelele esikwaziyo ngokusebenzisa indlela.
Imithombo esebenzayo yolwazi isipiliyoni, ukuhlola izethulo, inkumbulo kanye nobufakazi esingaqinisekisa ukuqina kwazo kwengqondo.

J) I-Sapiens igwema ukuzibeka emthonjeni owodwa wolwazi njengoba incike emibhalweni ehlukene ezwakalayo, eqala ngendlela yesayensi, ebheka ukuthi inhlanganisela nokubhekana nemithombo akukhona nje okwenzekayo, kodwa futhi kuyafiseleka.